Lecture 4 Flashcards
States promote:
General _____: health, safety, safe transportation, communication systems, economic stability.
States promote:
General welfare: health, safety, safe transportation, communication systems, economic stability.
Nation:
Group of people bound together by common political identity;
__________:
- Sense of belonging and identity; can be translated to patriotism or pride & loyalty (Ethnic Theory)
- Individual differences exist w/in nations, but “nation” provides overwhelming identity for majority of citizens (Social Construct Theory).
Nation:
Group of people bound together by common political identity;
Nationalism:
- Sense of belonging and identity; can be translated to patriotism or pride & loyalty (Ethnic Theory)
- Individual differences exist w/in nations, but “nation” provides overwhelming identity for majority of citizens (Social Construct Theory).
Regime:
- The rules that a state sets and follows in exerting power
- Country’s institutions & practices carry over across time, leaders or issues
A State requires:
- ______
- People (nation or nations)
- _______ on exercise of force
- Legitimacy, as perceived by the governed
- Sovereignty - Control over a territory – internal and external
(6. international recognition, e.g. by the UN)
A State requires:
- Territory
- People (nation or nations)
- Monopoly on exercise of force
- Legitimacy, as perceived by the governed
- Sovereignty - Control over a territory – internal and external
(6. international recognition, e.g. by the UN)
A Government is the institution that allows a society to make and enforce public policies.
Every government has three basic types of power. These include the ______ power to make laws, the _____ power to enforce laws, and the ______ power to interpret laws and settle disputes.
A Government is the institution that allows a society to make and enforce public policies.
Every government has three basic types of power. These include the legislative power to make laws, the executive power to enforce laws, and the judicial power to interpret laws and settle disputes.
In a dictatorship, all powers are held by one person or group.
In a democracy, authority lies with the people.
The U.S. government gives executive power to the President, legislative power to ______, and judicial power to the Supreme Court.
In a dictatorship, all powers are held by one person or group.
In a democracy, authority lies with the people.
The U.S. government gives executive power to the President, legislative power to Congress, and judicial power to the Supreme Court.
Democracy is type of regime that bases its authority on the will of the people.
Indirect - Elected officials representing the people
Direct - Individuals have immediate say over many decisions that the gov’t makes.
Most democracies are _____ (due to large populations);
Three major branches (typically) - Executive, legislative, judicial.
- Some are Parliamentary:
Citizens vote for legislative representatives; representatives vote for select leaders of the executive branch.
- Some are Presidential:
Citizens vote for legislative AND executive branch leaders;
Two branches function w/ separation of powers.
Democracy is type of regime that bases its authority on the will of the people.
Indirect - Elected officials representing the people
Direct - Individuals have immediate say over many decisions that the gov’t makes.
Most democracies are indirect (due to large populations);
Three major branches (typically) - Executive, legislative, judicial.
- Some are Parliamentary:
Citizens vote for legislative representatives; representatives vote for select leaders of the executive branch.
- Some are Presidential:
Citizens vote for legislative AND executive branch leaders;
Two branches function w/ separation of powers.
________________
- If people accept authority of authoritative leaders, then gov’t is legitimate
- This regime has negative connotations - used to describe often detested and/or corrupt regimes
- Totalitarian gov’t seek to control all facets of peoples’ lives- economy, politics and social
- Totalitarian gov’ts use force/violence as a technique for destroying any obstacles to their governance
Totalitarianism:
- If people accept authority of authoritative leaders, then gov’t is legitimate
- This regime has negative connotations - used to describe often detested and/or corrupt regimes
- Totalitarian gov’t seek to control all facets of peoples’ lives- economy, politics and social
- Totalitarian gov’ts use force/violence as a technique for destroying any obstacles to their governance
______________:
- Prevalent in Latin America, Africa & parts of Asia
- States w/ instability are ripe for military intervention
- Rule usually begins w/ a coup d’ etat (forced takeover)
- Coup may or may not have widespread support
- Military leaders often restrict civil rights, liberties and keep political parties from forming
- A specific ideology is usually lacking
Military Regimes:
- Prevalent in Latin America, Africa & parts of Asia
- States w/ instability are ripe for military intervention
- Rule usually begins w/ a coup d’ etat (forced takeover)
- Coup may or may not have widespread support
- Military leaders often restrict civil rights, liberties and keep political parties from forming
- A specific ideology is usually lacking
Sovereignty and the Use of Force outlined in the UN Charter:
Article __ -
All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations
Article __ -
Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll
Sovereignty and the Use of Force outlined in the UN Charter: Article 2(4) - All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations
Article 2(7) - Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll
Use of Force Exceptions, in the UN Charter.
Security Council Chapter VII Powers
Article 39 -
The ______Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Article 41(Non-Forcible Means) - “…complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.”
Article 42 (Forcible Means) - “…demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea or land forces…”
Use of Force Exceptions, in the UN Charter.
Security Council Chapter VII Powers
Article 39 -
The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Article 41(Non-Forcible Means) - “…complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.”
Article 42 (Forcible Means) - “…demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea or land forces…”
The Rwandan Genocide:
UN ____________ (UNAMIR) - they were an “international neutral force in Rwanda”
- Rules of Engagement: “the use of weapons is normally authorised for self-defence only”
- Essentially powerless to prevent genocidal slaughter of members of Tutsi tribe by Hutu gangs
- 800,000 people killed
The Rwandan Genocide:
UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) - they were an “international neutral force in Rwanda”
- Rules of Engagement: “the use of weapons is normally authorised for self-defence only”
- Essentially powerless to prevent genocidal slaughter of members of Tutsi tribe by Hutu gangs
- 800,000 people killed
March 1998 – Resolution 1160 recognises need for international action to safeguard the Kosovan region from attack by government of Serbia & Montenegro
- Only authorised an arms embargo
- China abstained because believed the matter was “internal” to Serbia & Mont
Racak Massacre – 15 January 1999
Mass killing of 45 Kosovo Albanians by Serbian security forces
March 1999
- NATO launch three-month bombing campaign against Serbian army forces and infrastructure
- No UN Security Council approval
- ______________ accepts peace deal in June
March 1998 – Resolution 1160 recognises need for international action to safeguard the Kosovan region from attack by government of Serbia & Montenegro
- Only authorised an arms embargo
- China abstained because believed the matter was “internal” to Serbia & Mont
Racak Massacre – 15 January 1999
Mass killing of 45 Kosovo Albanians by Serbian security forces
March 1999
- NATO launch three-month bombing campaign against Serbian army forces and infrastructure
- No UN Security Council approval
- Slobodan Milosevic accepts peace deal in June
___ Annan, 2000:
“If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica, to gross and systematic violation of human rights that offend every precept of our common humanity?”
Kofi Annan, 2000:
“If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica, to gross and systematic violation of human rights that offend every precept of our common humanity?”
2001: International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
- Report: The Responsibility to Protect
- Altered norm of sovereignty from right to responsibility
- States owe duty to citizens to protect from mass atrocities
- If they fail, that responsibility is conferred upon the international community
- Military intervention is authorised as a _________
2001: International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
- Report: The Responsibility to Protect
- Altered norm of sovereignty from right to responsibility
- States owe duty to citizens to protect from mass atrocities
- If they fail, that responsibility is conferred upon the international community
- Military intervention is authorised as a last resort
Security Council Resolution (2006)
“Reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from _____, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity”
Security Council Resolution (2006)
“Reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity”
