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EXAC EXAM 1 > 3. Coordinating Engineering Systems - NM > Flashcards

3. Coordinating Engineering Systems - NM Flashcards

1
Q

List components of forced-air heating systems

A
  1. Gas or oil furnace- needs air combustion and vent, in basement or in attic
  2. Bonnet or plenum - chamber at the top of furnace connected to main duct
  3. Leaders- ducts that convey warm air
  4. Diffusers
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2
Q

What is hydronic heating system?

A

Heating building by means of water - boiler and circulated by a pump through pipes / radiators or convectors.

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3
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of electric heating?

A

+compact and versatile electric resistance heaters
- no provision for controlling humidity and air quality

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4
Q

List different types of heating systems:

A
  1. Forced air heating
  2. Hydronic heating system (water)
  3. Electric resistance heating
  4. Radiant heating (pipes or conduits in floors or ceiling)
  5. Solar heating
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5
Q

What does solar heating system require?

A
  1. Solar collector panels
  2. Circulation and distribution system - air, water or other liquid
  3. Heat exchanger
  4. Storage facility- tank with liquid or bin of rocks
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6
Q

What can a heating,ventilation and air-conditioning system control?

A

Simultaneously controls temperature, humidity, purity, distribution, and motion of the air inside a building.

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7
Q

What equipment does HVAC system require?

A
  1. Boiler - hot water or steam for heating - connected to a chimney
  2. Chilled water plant - connected to cooling tower (on roof) to dispose of the heat
  3. Both connected to an Air handling unit inside fan room - it is connected to fresh air that it filters, and exhausts air
  4. Heated / cooled air is distributed through air, water or combination
  5. Return air is brought back to central plant.
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8
Q

Types of all-air systems

A
  1. Single duct constant air (CAV) - constant temperature
  2. Single duct variable air volume (VAV) - uses dampers at the terminal to control the flow according to the room requirements
  3. Dual duct - uses 1 duct for heated air and 1 duct for cool air, delivered to mixing boxes with thermostatically controlled dampers
  4. Terminal reheat system - more flexible, terminals have reheat coils that regulate the temperature
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9
Q

Types of all-water systems

A
  1. Two-pipe system - 1 pipe to supply and 1 pipe to return the water, fan-coil units circulate room air to the coils
  2. Four-pipe system - 2 circuits (hot and cold) for simultaneous heating and cooling
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10
Q

Advantages of all-water systems?

A

Pipes require less space than air ducts

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11
Q

Types of air-water systems?

A

Use high-velocity ducts to supply air to the room through the fan-coil units which heats it via water system. Primary air draws in room air through a filter and passes through coils.

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12
Q

What are packaged systems?

A

Self-contained boxes (roof or slab) - fan+filters+compressor+condenser+evaporator coils+heat pump or heating elements.
Up to 4-5 storeys.

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13
Q

What are split-packaged units?

A

Outdoor unit - compressor + condenser
Indoor unit - cooling & heating coils + circulating fan

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14
Q

What are small units that can retrofit existing buildings?

A

Small terminal units - below a window through wall

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15
Q

Which HVAC system will minimize the initial cost? (2)

A
  1. Simplest all-air system: single duct, CAV
  2. No ductwork / piping: through the wall and packaged terminal units
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16
Q

Which HVAC system will minimize operating cost and energy consumption? (3)

A
  1. Converts fuel to heating with maximum efficiency:
    - VAV
    - single duct CAV
    - hydronic convectors
  2. Using ambient heat from surrounding environment:
    - closed-loop heat pump system
  3. Med-size & small bldgs, passive system:
    - passive solar heating
    - natural ventilation cooling
    - thermal mass cooling
    - evaporative cooling
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17
Q

Which HVAC system will maximize control of air quality & velocity? (1)

A

All-air heating systems:

  • VAV
  • VAV reheat
  • VAV induction
  • dual-duct VAV
  • single duct CAV
  • CAV reheat
  • multizone
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18
Q

Which HVAC system will maximize individual control over temperature in a number of rooms / zones? (1)

A

System that can react separately to a number of thermostats:

  • VAV
  • VAV reheat
  • VAV induction
  • dual-duct VAV
  • CAV reheat
  • multizone
  • air-water induction
  • fan-coil terminals
  • through wall and packaged terminal units
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19
Q

Which HVAC system will minimize system noise? (2)

A
  1. System that operates at low air velocities and whose moving parts are distant from occupied spaces:
    - Any all-air system EXCEPT induction
    - hydronic convectors
  2. Med-sized & small bldgs, passive system:
    - passive solar heating
    - natural ventilation cooling
    - thermal mass cooling
    - evaporative cooling
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20
Q

Which HVAC system will minimize visual obtrusiveness? (2)

A
  1. System that has minimal hardware in occupied spaces:
    - Any all-air system
  2. Med-sized & small bldgs, passive system:
    - passive solar heating
    - natural ventilation cooling
    - thermal mass cooling
    - evaporative cooling
21
Q

Which HVAC system will maximize the flexibility of rental space and adaptability of heating to space reconfiguration? (2)

A
  1. Central air system that has minimal hardware in the occupied spaces, that provides zoned control over temperature:
    - VAV
    - VAV reheat
    - multizone
  2. All-water system that allows easy temp. control of individual spaces:
    - fan-coil terminals
    - through the wall and packaged terminal units
22
Q

Which HVAC system will minimize the floor space used for mech system or the floor-to-floor height? (3)

A
  1. Local system that has no ductwork or piping:
    - through the wall and packaged terminal units
  2. System that minimizes ductwork / piping size:
    - induction systems
    - hydronic convectors
  3. Med-sized & small bldgs, passive system:
    - passive solar heating
    - natural ventilation cooling
    - thermal mass cooling
    - evaporative cooling
23
Q

Which HVAC system will minimize maintenance requirements? (2)

A
  1. Simple system with few moving parts in the occupied spaces:
    - VAV
    - single duct CAV
    - hydronic convectors
  2. Med-sized & small bldgs, passive system:
    - passive solar heating
    - natural ventilation cooling
    - thermal mass cooling
    - evaporative cooling
24
Q

Which HVAC system will avoid chimney? (2)

A
  1. Electrically powered:
    - Elec powered boiler
    - through the wall and packaged terminal units
  2. Med-sized & small bldgs, passive system:
    - passive solar heating
25
Q

Which HVAC system to install in apartments? (4)

A
  1. Fan-coil terminals
  2. Closed-loop heat pumps
  3. Hydronic convectors (heating only)
  4. Packaged terminal / through the wall
26
Q

Which HVAC system to install in auditoriums / theaters ? (3)

A
  1. VAV
  2. single duct CAV
  3. Multi zone
27
Q

Which HVAC system to install in factories ? (6)

A
  1. VAV
  2. VAV Reheat
  3. single duct CAV
  4. Multi-zone
  5. Fan coil terminals
  6. Hydronic convectors (heating)
28
Q

Which HVAC system to install in hospitals ? (6)

A
  1. VAV
  2. VAV Reheat
  3. Dual duct VAV
  4. CAV Reheat
  5. Multi-zone
  6. Fan coil terminals
29
Q

Which HVAC system to install in offices ? (4)

A
  1. VAV
  2. VAV Induction
  3. Multi-zone
  4. Hydronic convectors (heating)
30
Q

Which HVAC system to install in stores ? (2)

A
  1. VAV
  2. Multi-zone
31
Q

What are all-air systems? Advantages? (2)

A

All-air systems have central fans circulating conditioned air to and from spaces through long ducts.

+ excellent control of interior air quality
+ concentrate maintenance away from occupied areas

32
Q

What are air-water systems? Advantages? (2) Disadvantages? (1)

A

Air-water systems:
Air is ducted to each space, and water is piped to each space. The water is used to modify the temperature of the circulated air.

+ more compact, because they circulate less air
+ can offer better individual control of temperature

  • more complicated & more maintenance
33
Q

What are all-water systems? Advantages? (2) Disadvantages? (1)

A

All-water systems:
Air is circulated locally, no ductwork. Hot/cold water is piped to each space.

+ the most compact, no ductwork
+ can offer better individual control of temperature

  • more complicated & more maintenance
34
Q

What is VAV? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

Air is conditioned at a central source, supply & return fans circulate conditioned air through ducts to occupied spaces. At EACH zone, a thermostat controls the room temperature.

35
Q

What is single duct CAV? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

Air is conditioned at a central source; supply / return ducts circulate air to occupied spaces. A MASTER thermostat controls central heating / cooling for the ENTIRE building.

Applications: large open areas, few windows, uniform loads (lobbies, deptartment stores, theaters, autoriums)

+ High degree of control of air quality

+ Simple & easy to maintain

  • No possibility of individual temperature control
36
Q

What is air-water induction system? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

Air is conditioned at a central source & circulated in SMALL high-velocity ducts to spaces.

Air discharging (primary air) draws a large amount of room air through the filter. Then the air mixture passes through a coil heated / cooled by secondary water piped from boiler or chilled water plant. LOCAL thermostat controls the water flow. Condensate needs to be drained.

Application: wide range of heating / cooling needs where humidity doesn’t need to be controlled (office)

+ less space required

+ no fans in occupied spaces

  • complicated system
  • noisy
  • energy inefficient
  • lack of humidity control
37
Q

What is fan-coil terminals? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

Hot/cold water piped to fan-coil terminals. Fan draws mix of indoor & outdoor air through filter & blows it across a coil that is heated /cooled by water. A thermostat controls the flow of water. Condensate must be drained.

Application: Multiple zones located around perimeter (school, hotel, motel, apartments, offices)

+ no mechanical room or ductwork required

+ individual control temp

  • humidity control
  • a lot of maintenance, within occupied parts of building
38
Q

What is closed-loop heat pump? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

A water-to-air heat pump in each space. The water circulates in a closed loop.

Applications: hotels with overheated areas (kitchens, laundry, assembly, restaurants)

+ efficient in extracting heat from overheated spaces or heat cold spaces

  • expensive
  • a lot of maintenance in occupied spaces
39
Q

What are hydronic convectors? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

Hot water circulated through fin tube convectors (horiz pipes with vertical fins) that heat indoor air by convection.

Application: where cooling not required, operational windows or as a supplement system

+ economical

+ individual control

  • heating only
  • cooling / humidity / ventilation not included
40
Q

What are packaged terminal units or through wall units? Applications, advantages, disadvantages?

A

Mounted on exterior wall of each room, electrically powered.

Applications: appartments, motels, hotels, offices, schools

+ available, easy to install

+ individual control

+ no building space for mech equipment

  • equipment life is short
  • noisy & inefficient
41
Q

Difference electrical service to local circuits for:

  • large buildings
  • medium buildings
  • small buildings
A

Large: - exterior transformer - elec room - smaller elec closets

Medium: - exterior transformer - elec room - smaller elec closets or panels

  • interior transformer & elec room - smaller elec closets or panels

Small: - transformer from Hydro before meter - elec panel

42
Q

What is a single-packaged HVAC vs split-packaged HVAC?

A

Single-packaged: boiler + chimney + chilled water plant + fan room into 1 equipment - supply & return ducts from there.

Split-packaged: compressor & condensing coil OUTDOOR + heating & cooling coils INDOOR, connected by insulated refrigerant tubing. Costs more, but more efficient (no ductwork outdoors).

Electricity or gas or combined.

43
Q

2 types of sprinkler systems:

A

Wet: Water under sufficient pressure to provide immediate and continuous discharge via sprinkler heads automatically.

Dry: Pipes filled with air which releases via sprinkler heads making way for water into pipes (good if exposed to cold) (sub categories: deluge & pre-action)

44
Q

3 types of standpipes:

A

Wet: Contain water under pressure & fitted with fire hoses.

Dry: Contain no water, used by Fire Dept to connect to a hydrant or pumper truck.

Siamese: Installed close to ground & main entry. Fire Dept connects to in order to supply / boost the sprinkler system.

45
Q

What is the typical pressure of a public service pipe? (psi)

A

50psi

46
Q

What material is best for a water supply pipe, and why? (4 reasons)

A

Copper

  • high corrosion resistance, durable
  • good for potable water- doesn’t contaminate it
  • can withstand high hydronic pressure
  • small outside diameter, flexible, light, environmentally friendly
47
Q

Describe a central system and it’s advantages. (5)

A

Heat is supplied or extracted by large equipment in one or more large mech rooms.

1 + generally quieter
2 + more energy efficient
3 + offer better indoor air quality
4 + lasts longer
5 + more convenient to service

48
Q

M27 Describe a local system and it’s advantages. (3)

A

Independent self-contained pieces of heating /cooling equipment located throughout build., one or more per room.

1 + cheaper to buy + install
2 + occupy less space in the building overall (no mech room or ductwork)
3 + great for buildings with many small spaces which rqr individual temp. control

EXAC EXAM 1 (15 decks)

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