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Cold War > 1 - Origins Of The Cold War 1941 - 58 > Flashcards

1 - Origins Of The Cold War 1941 - 58 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the domino effect

A

A belief that if one country goes communist, neighbouring countries will follow

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2
Q

What was dollar imperialism

A

A fear that the USA would bribe countries into supporting them

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3
Q

Who was the grand alliance

A

The Soviet Union allied with Britain and USA in WW2

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4
Q

Why were there strains in the Grand alliance

A

Different attitudes of leaders - Stalin + Roosevelt + Churchill

  • Stalin - annoyed of delayed opening of second front
  • Churchill opposed Bolshevik Revolution
  • disagreements over polish control
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5
Q

Why was Stalin initially annoyed in the grand alliance

A

Annoyed that Britain and the USA delayed opening a second front
He was convinced they were waiting until the Soviet Union had been seriously damaged

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6
Q

Why wasn’t Churchill initially happy in the Grand Alliance

A

Opposed Bolshevik Revolution - supported the whites in the civil war

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7
Q

Why did Churchill become even more suspicious if Stalin

A
  • both wanted polish control
  • in April 1943 - german troops discovered a mass grave, containing the bodies of 10,000 polish officers murdered by the Soviet’s
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8
Q

When did the polish Organise an uprising and who against

A

In august 1944 in Warsaw against the german forces occupying the city

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9
Q

What was the result of the polish uprising 1944

A
  • they failed - brutally crushed
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10
Q

When was the Tehran conference

A

November 1943

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11
Q

Why was the Tehran conference organised

A

To improve relations between the three leaders

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12
Q

Who was the Tehran conference a main success for

A

Stalin - because Roosevelt was not well during conference and tended to side with Stalin rather than Churchill

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13
Q

An example of a idea proposed by Churchill which was rejected in the Tehran conference

A

Churchills idea of an allied invasion through the Balkans thereby preventing the Red Army from taking over all of Eastern Europe

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14
Q

What were the main agreements if the Tehran conference

A
  • Britain + USA agreed to open a second front by invading France in may 1944
  • Soviet Union was to wage war against Japan once Germany was defeated
  • the United Nations organisation was to be set up after the war
  • an area of Eastern Europe was added to the Soviet Union
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15
Q

When did. Britain and USA agree to open in a second front by in the Tehran conference

A

May 1944

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16
Q

What organisation was agreed in the Tehran conference to be set up after the war

A

United Nations

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17
Q

Where is Tehran

A

In Iran

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18
Q

When was the Yalta conference

A

February 1945

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19
Q

Why was the Yalta conference held

A

To consider what to do with Germany after they achieved victory

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20
Q

What did Stalin want in the Yalta conference

A

For Germans to pay large reparations - but Roosevelt + Churchill agreed that if they punished Germany too harshly, they make want another war

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21
Q

What was agreed at the Yalta conference

A
  • USSR help liberate the east + Britain/America/France liberate the west = Europe would be divided into two spheres
  • to divide Germany into four zones - us British French + soviet ( two overall halves - ‘western zone’ + ‘eastern zone’ )
  • to divide Berlin in the same way
  • to allow liberated countries to have free democratic elections - even in Poland
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22
Q

What was Easter Europe, as decided at the Yalta conference

A

A soviet sphere of influence

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23
Q

Disagreements at Yalta

A
  • clash of how much Germany should pay in reparations
  • disagreed about Poland - Stalin wanted the polish/western border much more to the west + wanted a ‘friendly’ polish government to protect from Germans BUT the western powers feared it would be a SOVIET-CONTROLLED government so persuaded him to agree to free democratic elections
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24
Q

When did Roosevelt die

A

12th April 1945 - replaced by Truman

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25
Q

Who replaced Churchill in the British elections

A

Attlee - leader of Labour Party

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26
Q

Between yalta and Potsdam conference what changes had been made (feb - July 1945)

A
  • changes of leaders - Truman + atlee
  • Soviet Union liberated countries in Eastern Europe but didn’t remove their military presence
  • Stalin had set up a communist government in Poland
  • Americans successfully testes an atomic bomb
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27
Q

By July 1945, which countries did the Soviet Union occupy

A
  • Latvia + Lithuania + Estonia + Finland + Czechoslovakia + Hungary + Bulgaria + Romania
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28
Q

How did Stalin justify seeing up a communist government in Poland

A

Was a Defensive measure against possible attacks

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29
Q

How was Truman different from Roosevelt

A
  • distrusted Stalin

- convinced that the soviet intended to take over the whole of Eastern Europe

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30
Q

When did the Americans first successfully test an atomic bomb

A

16th July 1945

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31
Q

Where did the Americans first successfully test their atomic bomb

A

In a desert site

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32
Q

Why was Stalin angry at Truman

A

Because Truman told Stalin in the Potsdam agreement that he had tested an atomic bomb

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33
Q

When was the Potsdam conference

A

July 1945

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34
Q

Agreements made at Potsdam

A
  • Germany to be demilitarised
  • democracy re established in Germany
  • Germany should pay reparations in equipment and materials - mainly to the USSR
  • Nazi party banned
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35
Q

Fears in the Potsdam conference

A

Fears that Russia wanted to take over Eastern Europe and make countries like Poland communist ‘SATELLITE STATES’ - to create a buffer zone between capitalism + communism

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36
Q

Disagreements at Potsdam

A
  • the amount of reparations Germany would pay - Stalin wanted to cripple Germany but Truman didn’t want a public hatred toward the peace treaty as with the ‘Treaty of Versailles’ in 1919
  • differed in views if free elections
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37
Q

Why did the Soviet Union expand in 1945

A

For security - ussr had been invaded by Germany in 1914 + 1941 - Stalin created satellite states in Eastern Europe to act as a buffer zone against future invasions

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38
Q

What was the percentages deal

A

Stalin + Churchill reached an understanding of the proportion of influence they had on liberated countries
Seen as Churchill accepting soviet influence

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39
Q

Example of percentage deal

A

Stalin - 90% Romania

Churchill - 90% Greece

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40
Q

Strategic importance of Poland

A

Soviet unions security dependent on a friendly polish government - borders ussr

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41
Q

Soviet satellite states

A

Albania + Bulgaria + Czechoslovakia + east Germany + Hungary + Poland + Romania

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42
Q

How does Soviet Union expand

A

Elections in each east European country were rigged to ensure that soviet - controlled communist parties took over - controlled by red army

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43
Q

By which year did all of Eastern Europe have communist governments

A

1949

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44
Q

Pattern in all satellite states

A
  • coalition governments set up - communist shared power with other parties
  • backed by Stalin, communists took over media + civil service + defence
  • opposition leaders were arrested or forced to flee
  • elections were held - BUT FIXED to ensure support for communists
  • peoples democracies were set up
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45
Q

What was set up in all satellite states

A

Peoples democracies

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46
Q

East Germany - satellite state

A

1945 - placed under red army control

1949 - German Democratic Republic created

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47
Q

Poland - satellite state

A

June 1945 - coalition government formed with socialists
Jan 1947 - communists rig elections- supposedly win 80 percent of votes - all other parties banned + leaders forced into exile

Becomes a one party state

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48
Q

Czechoslovakia - satellite state

A

1945 - left wing coalition formed
1946 - communists receive less than half the votes but become largest single party in coalition + controlled police + armed forces
1948 - communists take control of government before elections then supposedly win 79 %

Ban all other parties - one party state - murdered leading non-communist Jan Masaryk

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49
Q

Who was murdered after the Czechoslovakian elections

A

Leading non communist - jan Masaryk

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50
Q

Hungary - satellite state

A

1945 - only win 17 % - smallholders party was the largest party
Country begin to face economic crises + communist party able to seize ministry of the interior to control the police to arrest leader of smallholders Party
1947 - communists win elections - ban all other parties

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51
Q

Romania - satellite state

A

1945 - coalition formed

1947 - communist abolish monarchy

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52
Q

Bulgaria - satellite states

A

1944 - coalition

1945 - communists won + banned all other parties

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53
Q

Yugoslavia - satellite states

A

1945 - Tito had led opposition to nazis + was elected president after the war
1948 - Tito determined to apply communism in his own way - Yugoslavia banned from ‘cominform’

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54
Q

Long telegram + novikov telegram

A
  • George Kennan - USAs deputy chief of mission at us embassy in Moscow saw Soviet Union as aggressive + recommended form action against expansion - sent a telegram - influenced policy if containment
  • September 1946 - novikov retaliated to long telegram

Worsened relations

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55
Q

Consequences of soviet expansion

A
  • security if Soviet Union - Eastern Europe acts as a buffer zone against future attacks
  • increased rivalry - USA Britain + France believed Stalin’s motives were political - expansion of soviet empire + communism - shown in long telegram
  • Soviet Union now had control over Eastern Europe - confirmed division between east and west as stated in churchills iron curtain speech
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56
Q

Churchill iron curtain speech

A
  • march 1946
  • speech made in small town of Fulton - an iron curtain has descended across Europe
  • imaginary curtain line that divided communist east from capitalist west
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57
Q

Why did. rivalry intensify in 1947

A

US policy of containment - Truman doctrine + Marshall plan

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58
Q

When was the Truman doctrine

A

1947

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59
Q

What was the Truman doctrine

A
  • began US policy of containment

- used US influence and military skills to prevent expansion of communism

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60
Q

Why was the Truman doctrine introduced

A
  • USA believes Soviet Union was trying to spread communism
  • USA had atomic bomb and wanted to use it to put pressure on Soviet Union
  • events were occurring in Greece - being threatened with communist takeover
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61
Q

When was the Greek civil war

A

1944

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62
Q

Who was Britain supporting in Greek civil war

A

Royalist government

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63
Q

What was happening in Greece 1947

A
  • communists fighting a Guerilla war against Greek royalist government
  • Britain had 40000 troops + gave financial aid
  • in 1947 - Britain couldn’t afford to keep supporting Greece + USA stepped in and gave financial aid
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64
Q

How many troops had Britain stationed in Greece 1947

A

40,000

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65
Q

When was the Truman doctrine announced

A

March 1947 in a speech - claimed capitalist camp in west and communist camp in east

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66
Q

Consequences of Truman doctrine

A
  • Greek government able to defeat communists
  • rivalry between USA and USSR increased - Truman publicly stated that world divided into 2 camps (free vs non free)
  • USA became far more involved in European affairs
  • USA decided on the Marshall plan - economic aid
  • Stalin set up COMINFORM - Communist information bureau
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67
Q

When was the Marshall plan

A

June 1947

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68
Q

What was the Marshall plan

A

Backed up Truman doctrine with economic aid to Europe

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69
Q

What was the Marshall plan officially called

A

European recovery plan

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70
Q

Why was the Marshall plan introduced

A
  • Truman believed communism generally won support in countries where there were economic problems, employment + poverty - suffered badly because of WW2
  • If USA could help recover these countries economically + provide reasonable prosperity - no reason to resort to communism
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71
Q

Why were many countries having economic problems in 1947

A

Effects of WW2

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72
Q

Truman doctrine was…

A

Political aid - support to the Greek royalist government

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73
Q

Marshall plan was…

A

Economic aid - financial aid to help countries recover

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74
Q

What aid did the Marshall plan give

A
  • offered to all war-torn European countries
  • helped re-equip factories + revive trade/ agriculture
  • USA offered money + equipment + goods in the form of cash/food/machinery/ technological assistance
  • in return they would agree to buy US goods + allow US companies to invest capital in their industries
75
Q

Consequences of the Marshall plan

A
  • by 1953 USA provided 17 billion to help European countries rebuild economies + raise standards of living
  • Europe became more firmly divided into east and west. Stalin initially involved but removed Soviet Union from discussions - didn’t trust USA and didn’t want to show their weak economic state
  • Stalin prevented Eastern European countries eg. Czechoslovakia and Poland from becoming involved
  • Stalin accused the USA as using the plan for its own selfish interests - dominate Europe
76
Q

When was the berlin crisis

A

1948 - 49

77
Q

What were the names of the two organisations the Soviet Union set up in 1940s

A

Cominform + Comecon

78
Q

Why were cominform and Comecon set up

A
  • In order to extend Soviet Union political and economic control over Eastern Europe
  • to retaliate against US policy of containment
79
Q

When was cominform set up

A

1947

80
Q

What does cominform stand for

A

Communist information Bureau

81
Q

Why was cominform introduced

A
  • enable Soviet Union to coordinate communist parties throughout Europe
  • response to the Truman doctrine
  • ensured all states in eastern Europe followed soviet aims/ policies + followed soviet style economic policed eg. Collectivisation of agriculture + state control of industry
82
Q

How did the Soviet Union use cominform

A

Used organisation to purge any members who disagreed with Moscow eg. Tito

83
Q

Who was expelled from cominform

A

Yugoslavia- Tito

  • no intentions of taking orders from Stalin
  • was expelled and given economic sanctions
84
Q

When was Yugoslavia expelled from cominform

A

1948

85
Q

When was Comecon set up

A

1949

86
Q

What does Comecon stand for

A

Council for mutual assistance

87
Q

Why was Comecon founded

A
  • response to the Marshall plan
  • supposed to be how Soviet Union could financially support countries in eastern Europe.
  • In reality used to:
    + control the economies of these states
    + give the Soviet Union access to their resources
    + encourage economic specialisation within the Soviet bloc eg. Czechoslovakia and East Germany
    encouraged to concentrate on heavy industry. Romania, Hungary + Bulgaria specialised in the production of food and raw materials.
88
Q

How was Comecon actually used

A

+ control the economies of these states
+ give the Soviet Union access to their resources
+ encourage economic specialisation within the Soviet bloc eg. Czechoslovakia and East Germany
encouraged to concentrate on heavy industry. Romania, Hungary + Bulgaria specialised in the production of food and raw materials.

89
Q

What was the Berlin crisis

A
  • Stalin blockaded all routes by land + rail into West Berlin
90
Q

Long term causes of the Berlin blockade

A
  • peace conferences - 1945 - divided Germany up + there were large differences
  • West wanted to speed up the economic recovery of Germany - had been devastated by war + now facing serious shortages of food and fuel
  • Soviet Union wanted to keep Germany weak
    + refused to allow its own zone to trade with the other three zones = Prevent attack
  • soviet tried, unsuccessfully, to secure communist control of the Berlin city council but the socialist majority, supported by the western powers, resisted successfully.
91
Q

Short term causes of the Berlin blockade

A
  • western allies encouraging economic recovery of their zones by providing currency + helped by Marshall aid - set up free elections
  • merging of western zones - bizinia
92
Q

What was bizonia

A
  • jan 1947 - US and British zones in Berlin and
    Germany merged into one economic unit known as
    Bizonia.
93
Q

When was bizonia created

A

Jan 1947

94
Q

Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - march

A

March - Soviet representatives walked out of the Allied Control Commission Complaining that western attitudes made it unworkable.

  • The Commission had been set up in 1945 to administer all the zones.
95
Q

Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - April

A

The Allied zones were included in the Marshall Plan. Soviet troops began to hold up and search road and rail traffic entering West Berlin.

96
Q

Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - June

A

western powers announced plans to create a West German State and introduced a new currency, - western Deutschmark

The Soviet Union retaliated by introducing its own currency, - Ostmark, in east Germany

97
Q

Short term triggers leading up to Berlin blockade - 24th June

A

Stalin accused the West of interfering in the Soviet zone + cut off road, rail and canal traffic in an attempt to starve West Berlin.

Stalin was trying to force the Allies to pull out of their sectors and abandon plans for separate development of their German zones.

98
Q

When did the Berlin airlift begin

A

28th June 1948

99
Q

How long did the Berlin airlift last

A

10 months

100
Q

What was the Berlin airlift code named by the British

A

Operation plainfare

101
Q

How often did planes land in the airlift

A

Every 90 seconds

102
Q

Why did the airlift pilots have a dangerous job

A
  • soviet planes flew across air corridors

- weather balloons placed in awkward positions

103
Q

How many tonnes of supplies were the planes carrying a day

A

By September 1948 - 4600 tonnes

104
Q

When did the airlift reach its peak

A

16-17th April 1949 - 1398 flights landed nearly 13000 tons in 24 hours

105
Q

How many supplies did the airlift deliver at its peak

A

1398 flights landed nearly 13000 tons in 24 hours

106
Q

What were the west Berliners supplied with in the airlift

A
  • food + clothing + oil + building materials = but still great shortage in West Berlin
107
Q

How many total flights were made

A

275000 - average 4000 tonnes a day

108
Q

When did Stalin call off the blockade

A

12th may 1949

109
Q

Why did Stalin call off the blockade

A
  • couldn’t crush West Berlin politically and economically

- only three percent of west Berliners took up his offer to move to east Berlin

110
Q

Impacts of the Berlin blockade

A
  • confirmed divisions of Germany and Berlin
  • greatly increased east-west rivalry
  • lead to the creation of NATO
111
Q

How did the Berlin blockade cause a more divided Germany

A
  • within a few days of the end of the crisis - west + West Berlin announced they were joining it together to form the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
  • Stalin responded by making East German Democratic Republic (GDR) in October 1949
112
Q

When did Stalin form the German Democratic Republic

A

October 1949

113
Q

When did the west form the federal republic of Germany

A

May 1949

114
Q

What does NATO stand for

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

115
Q

When was NATO formed

A

April 1949

116
Q

What was NATOs main purpose

A

Prevent soviet expansion

117
Q

How did Stalin view NATO

A

As an ‘aggressive alliance’ - the fact it allowed west Germany to be a part of NATO + remilitarise was seen (by Stalin) as a direct threat to the eastern bloc countries

118
Q

Consequences of setting up NATO

A
  • USA now committed to defence of Western Europe
  • intensified arms race - lead to more development of weapons of destruction
  • Lead to the Warsaw Pact being set up (1955)
  • USA set up its own missile bases in Western Europe
119
Q

When was the Warsaw Pact set up

A

1955

120
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact

A

A military alliance of 8 nations headed by the Soviet Union and was designed to counter the threat of NATO

121
Q

Who was in the Warsaw Pact

A

Soviet Union + Albania + Poland + Romania + Hungary + east Germany + Czechoslovakia + Bulgaria

122
Q

Difference between cominform and Comecon

A

Cominform - political - countered Truman doctrine

Comecon - economical - countered Marshall plan

123
Q

Consequences of setting up Warsaw Pact

A
  • important role in Czechoslovakian crisis of 1968

- increased rivalry + intensified the arms race

124
Q

Why was Stalin shocked in 1945

A
  • after hearing news that USA has tested its first atomic bomb I’m 1945
125
Q

When was the first atomic bomb tested

A
  • By USA - 16th July 1945
126
Q

When was the first soviet atomic bomb

A

1949

127
Q

Consequence of Russia’s atomic bomb

A
  • Truman ordered a new more powerful weapon to be build - H Bomb
128
Q

When was the H bomb tested

A

1953

129
Q

When did both sides have a H Bomb

A
  • by 1953 (Russia tested theirs only a few months after the USA)
130
Q

When did the USA test its biggest ever H Bomb

A

1st march 1954 - equivalent to 15 million tonnes of TNT

131
Q

How did Winston Churchill describe the arms race

A

‘Balance of terror’

132
Q

Type of weapons in the arms race

A
  • intercontinental ballistic missives (ICBM)
  • Submarine launched ballistic missions - (SLBM)
  • Medium range ballistic Missiles (MRBM)
  • Nuclear submarines
133
Q

By 1961 how many ICBMs were there USA vs Soviet Union

A

63 vs 50

134
Q

By 1961 how many SLBMs were there USA vs Soviet Union

A

96 vs 0

135
Q

By 1961 how many nuclear submarines were there USA vs Soviet Union

A

21 vs 2

136
Q

What was the first satellite launched from earth

A

Sputnik

137
Q

How long did it take for Sputnik to orbit the earth

A

1.5 hours

138
Q

When was Sputnik launched

A

1957

139
Q

How did the USA respond to the launch of Sputnik

A
  • Saw it as a military threat
  • between 1957 - 59 = increased spending on missiles by 20%
  • set up NASA (National Aeronautics and space administration)
140
Q

Who won the space race

A

Russia - first man made satellite into space - Sputnik

141
Q

Who founded NASA

A

President Eisenhower

142
Q

First USA man made satellite

A
  • explorer 1

- 1958

143
Q

First satellite to reach the moon

A

Lunar - Soviet Union - 1959

144
Q

First man in space

A
  • Soviet Union - Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1

- 1961

145
Q

When did Stalin die

A

1953

146
Q

Who followed Stalin as new leader

A
  • Nikita Krushchev - 1955
147
Q

When was Krushchev ‘secret speech’

A

1956

148
Q

What did Krushchev say in his ‘secret speech’

A
  • denounced Stalins policies = destalinisation

- believed in peaceful coexistence

149
Q

What was peaceful coexistence

A
  • belief that two superpowers could exist peacefully together
150
Q

Hungarys state after WW2

A
  • provisional gov set up at end of the war - agreed to pay soviet unions reparations of $300 million
  • elections held in November 1945 - smallholders party won 57%
  • head of occupying soviet forces (Voroshilov) refused to let them establish their gov + set up a coalition gov
151
Q

When were Hungarian elections

A

November 1945

152
Q

Results of Hungarian elections - 1945

A

Smallholders party - 57%

Communist - 17%

153
Q

Who was the head of soviet forces in Hungary - 1945

A

Marshal Voroshilov

154
Q

Impact of soviet control on Hungary

A
  • 1947 - leaders of smallholders party + national peasant party arrested or fled
  • next elections - communist was largest single party - still not majority - kept coalition
  • new constitution drawn up based on Soviet Union - made Hungary a ‘republic of workers and working peasants’
  • Rakosi emerged as leader
  • Hungary became part of cominform
155
Q

Did communist party win next hungary election

A
  • YES/NO = largest single party but not majority
156
Q

New constitution of Hungary

A
  • republic of workers and working peasants
157
Q

Rule of rakosi

A
  • used terror + brutality to keep control
  • killed about 2000 people in purges + imprisoned 200,000 political opponents
  • secret police set up - AVH
  • Religious teachings in school removed
158
Q

How was the Hungarian economy controlled

A
  • through Comecon
  • prevented Hungary trading with Western Europe + receiving marshal aid
  • therefore forced to trade on uneven terms with Soviet Union
159
Q

How did rakosi try and transform Hungarys economy

A
  • put forward a 5 year plans - failed
  • focused on heavy industry + steel
  • but Hungary had no iron ore or coking coal to produce steel
160
Q

Why did rakosi 5 year plan fail

A
  • didn’t have iron ore or coking coal to produce steel
161
Q

Consequences of rakosi 5 year plan

A
  • living standards fell
  • 1952 - Hungary experienced its lowest agricultural output ever
  • rise in unpopularity
162
Q

When did Hungary experience its lowest agricultural output ever

A

1952

163
Q

Who replaced Rakosi

A

Nagy

164
Q

Why was Rakosi replaced

A

New leader of Soviet Union - Malenkov (in between Stalin + Krushchev) didn’t favour him

165
Q

Leaders of the Hungarian uprising

A

1953 -1955 - Nagy
1955 - Warsaw Pact
1955 - 1956 July - Rakosi
1956 July - October 25th - Gero (temporary)
(One day) - Katar took over as temporary prime minister
1956 - Nagy reinstated

MAINLY -
1953 - Rakosi 
1953 - 1955 - Nagy
1955 - 1956 (october) - Rakosi 
1956 October - November - Nagy
166
Q

Key events of the Hungarian uprising

A

23rd October - Demonstrations in Budapest beging - demanding free elections + free press + removal of troops + statue of Stalin bought down

25th October - Krushchev tanks opened fired - killed 12 + injured 100
25th October - Gero forced to resign + Kader took over

26th October - Nagy reinstated

30th October - Nagy released political prisoners - most famous Cardinal Mindszenty

31st October - Nagys proposed reforms were published - most controversial wanted to withdraw Hungary from Soviet Union

3rd November - political parties that had been banned under Rakosi had arisen + he set up a coalition government

4th November - Krushchev decided that Nagy gone too far - sent 200,000 troops + 600 tanks to Hungary

167
Q

How many people did rakosi kill during his rule

A

2000

168
Q

How many people did rakosi imprison during his rule

A

200,000

169
Q

Who is cardinal mindzsenty

A
  • leader of Catholic Church - imprisoned by Rakosi for life
170
Q

What were nagys + rebels demand

A

What actually Happened -

  • tanks withdrawn
  • released some political prisoners - cardinal mindszenty - 30th October
  • announced coalition government

What they were fighting for -

  • withdrawal of Warsaw Pact
  • Hungary to develop trade links to the west
  • freedom of speech/press/worship
  • free trade unions
  • end to one part system
171
Q

Krushchev response to uprising

A
  • didn’t want to be seen as weak
  • Mao Zedong (Chinese leader) urging him to stand firm against deviation from socialism
  • 4th November - thought Nagy gone too far + sent in 200,000 troops + 6000 tanks into Hungary
172
Q

Why did Soviet Union invade Hungary - overall factors

A
  • pressure from Mao + China to protect communism
  • US presidential elections
  • set example to rest of the east
  • USA + UN involved in suez crises - distracted
  • fear of loss of control
  • damage to Warsaw Pact
173
Q

Events of Hungarian invasion - 1956

A
  • soviet army captured airports + bridges + key road junctions
  • Hungarian still fought using Guerilla tactics
  • Hungarians sent pleas for help to the west via radio
  • ceasefire agreed for 10th November but sporadic fighting continued till mid 1957
  • Kadar became Hungary’s new leader
174
Q

Where was Nagy hiding during the invasion

A

Yugoslav embassy

175
Q

What happened to Nagy

A
  • Kader offered him a safe way out of country BUT betrayed him + took him to Romania to be hanged in 1958
176
Q

Who was Hungarys new leader

A

Kadar

177
Q

When was ceasefire agreed in the Hungarian uprising

A

10th November - but sporadic fighting continued till mid 1957

178
Q

Results of the uprising

A
  • 7000 Hungarian rebels killed
  • 200,000 Hungarians fled country - many becoming political refugees
  • fled to Austria
179
Q

International reaction to uprising

A
  • little the west could do - threat of nucleur war + too far away for military intervention + distracted by suez crisis
  • UN convened a special inquiry into the events of October - November 1956 but both sides refused to participate
  • inquiry resulted in condemnation of Kadar
  • Americans symathised with Hungarians eg, Ed Sullivan asked viewers to send aid to Hungarian refugees + had raised $6 million by 1957
  • time magazine names Hungarian freedom fighter the ‘man of the year’ in 1956
180
Q

Importance of the Marshall plan - economic recovery

A

By 1953 - USA had provided 17 billion to help European countries rebuild their economy + raise standards of living

Us machinery helped European factories recover from effects of WW2

Us advisors helped to rebuild transport systems

Did not need help from communism

181
Q

point 1 - Hungarian uprising

A
  • Under rakosi
    Hard line communist // secreet police AVH // The Catholic Church was penalised, and its leader Cardinal Mindszenty was imprisoned/. In June 1956, the Hungarian people began to protest against Rákosi’s regime, and Moscow replaced him with Ernő Gerő. He was no more popular and on 23 October 1956, students took to the streets and were supported by the workers and the Hungarian army.
182
Q

point 2 - Hungarian uprising

A
  • Nagy
    As riots spread, the Soviets agreed to the formation of a new government under the leadership of the more liberal Imre Nagy - a popular communist leader.
    On 28 October, Soviet tanks began to withdraw and many Hungarians were now confident of American support. This led to more pressure for a series of sweeping reforms.
    Nagy’s reforms included:
    • free elections to choose a democratic government;
    • an impartial legal system to ensure fair trials;
    • the total withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary;
    • farmers to be allowed private ownership of their land (instead of it being state owned);
    • Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact and declare neutrality in the Cold War.
    On 1 November, Imre Nagy announced the decision to introduce free elections and to leave the Warsaw Pact
183
Q

point 3 - Hungarian uprising

A
  • Khrushchev refused to accept the idea of Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact as it would leave a gap in the USSR’s buffer zonewith Western Europe.
  • Soviet security was Khrushchev’s priority, and he decided to crack down on the new Hungarian government.
  • On 4 November 1956, 6,000 Soviet tanks crossed the Hungarian border.
  • Bitter street fighting occurred and 30,000 were killed.
  • Nagy sought refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy, but was captured and executed in 1958.
  • He was replaced by János Kádár who wiped out the remaining resistance.

Cold War (6 decks)

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