Norfolk/Odisha Case Studies

Question 1

Where is the East Norfolk Coast located? What are examples of settlements/important locations there? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 1

The East Norfolk Coast is located in the East Anglia region of the UK, adjacent to the North Sea. Settlements include Happisburgh, Winterton, Sea Palling and Bacton. Furthermore, Bacton is home to a gas terminal, while behind Sea Palling is the Norfolk Broads.

Question 2

At what rate is the East Anglian Coast eroding? (m/year) - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 2

The East Anglian Coast is eroding at a rate of 2m/year.

Question 3

How much coast has been lost on the East Norfolk Coast between 1600 and 1850? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 3

250m of coast has been lost between 1600-1850 at the East Norfolk Coast.

Question 4

What type of coastline is the East Norfolk Coast? What are the impacts of this? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 4

The East Norfolk Coast is a drift-aligned coastline, moving sediment Southwards. This leads to the loss of sediment along the coast, making this section of coastline extremely vulnerable to flooding.

Question 5

When did a storm damage Happisburgh? How many people died? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 5

A storm damaged Happisburgh in 1953, with 53 people killed.

Question 6

What mass movement processes take place on the East Norfolk Coast? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 6

Landslides and cliff slumping have taken place along this coast, with rapid mass movement exacerbated by runoff over the cliffs (which permeates into the ground and weakens the rocks) and groundwater flows.

Question 7

What are the cliffs on the East Norfolk Coast composed of? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 7

Cliffs on the East Norfolk Coast are composed of glacial till, silt, clay and sands. Mainly materials deposited by advancing ice during the ice age.

Question 8

How does runoff weaken the cliffs on the East Norfolk Coast? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 8

Runoff over cliffs can permeate through small inlets on cliffs, moistening and weakening cliffs that are already made of unstable rock. This means that mass movement processes such as landslides and rockfalls occur on the coast.

Question 9

What traditional coastal management processes existed at Happisburgh ? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 9

Groynes, rock armour and revetments had been used at Happisburgh to protect the beach and coastal communities.

Question 10

How many properties were damaged at Happisburgh in 1996? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 10

6 properties were damaged at Happisburgh during a storm in 1996.

Question 11

What are the social/economic/environmental factors and considerations of SMP6? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 11

Social: must maintain the safety and security of the coastline, while some residents disagreeing with location or lack of defences available at the coast.
Economic: sea defences negatively impact tourism and are expensive, targeted at areas with high land value.
Environmental: aims to maintain and protect biodiversity along the East Norfolk Coast, wishes to guard natural habitats along the coast.

Question 12

What stakeholders/participants are involved in SMP6? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 12

Stakeholders and participants in SMP6 include the environment agency, North Norfolk District Council, local borough councils and local residents.

Question 13

What is the SMP strategy at Bacton? Why is this? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 13

The SMP strategy at Bacton is hold the line, aiming to protect and guard the gas terminal on the coast which provides 1/3 of the UK’s natural gas and acts as a link to oil fields and Europe.

Question 14

What interventionist management strategies are being used at Bacton? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 14

Bacton has seen the continued use of concrete sea-walls and rock armour to guard the gas terminal, while new groynes are being constructed to maintain the beach and absorb wave energy.

Question 15

What future impacts/decisions may SMP6 have to take at Bacton? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 15

SMP6 May result in beaches South of Bacton being starved of sediment and eroded due to groyne use. May mean that beach nourishment has to be used, or that the gas terminal will need protections with headlands.

Question 16

What is the SMP strategy at Happisburgh? Why is this? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 16

SMP6 is employing a strategy of managed realignment at Happisburgh. This is due to the fact that there is limited flood risk at this settlement because of the steep relief, making the use of coastal defences economically unsustainable.

Question 17

What strategies/defences are being employed at Happisburgh? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 17

Happisburgh has seen moderate defences implemented such as rock armour. However, redevelopment plans, architectural changes and legal advice is the main strategy to help to deal with the anticipated changes to the region.

Question 18

What are the expected impacts of SMP6 on Happisburgh? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 18

Over the course of SMP6, it is expected that a caravan park, 35 properties and a church will be lost during the 100 year plan.

Question 19

What is the SMP6 strategy used at Sea Palling? Why is this? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 19

SMP6 uses the hold the line strategy at Sea Palling, with this later becoming managed realignment. This is needed to protect the Norfolk Broads, an important environmental area, which lie directly behind the settlement at Sea Palling.

Question 20

What strategies are used/have been used at Sea Palling? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 20

Offshore reefs had been constructed to create tombolos and a protected beach but are expensive to maintain. Sediment recharge will replace lost sediment.

Question 21

Why is an anticipated policy of managed realignment controversial at Sea Palling? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 21

Managed realignment will result in a potential £400m loss from tourism on the Norfolk Broads, where 7 million visitors go annually.

Question 22

What is the SMP6 strategy at Winterton? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 22

Winterton employs a strategy of managed realignment.

Question 23

What are the potential impacts of the use of managed realignment in SMP6 at Winterton? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 23

Winterton will begin to see threats to its dune system (an area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) as a result of depletion of sediment on beaches.

Question 24

Where is Odisha located? What type of management strategy is it? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 24

Odisha is an Indian state, located on the North East coast of the country. This is an ICZM(P), an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan.

Question 25

How long is the Odisha Coast? What shape does its coastline take? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 25

Odisha is 480km long, with it largely being straight and without distinctive inlets, bays or headlands.

Question 26

How many deltas exist along the Odisha coastline? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 26

The Odisha coastline has 6 major deltas.

Question 27

How many km^2 of mangrove forests exists along the Odisha Coast? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 27

1435 km^2 of mangrove forests exist along the Odisha Coast.

Question 28

What are the 3 distinctive ecological areas along the Odisha Coastline? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 28

The Odisha Coast’s 3 main ecological areas are Chilika Lake, the Mahanadi Delta and the Bhitarkanika Mangroves.

Question 29

What % of the Odisha coast is accreting sediment? What % of the Odisha coast is having sediment eroded? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 29

46.8% of the Odisha coast is accreting sediment, whereas 36.8% of the coast is having sediment eroded.

Question 30

What opportunities exist for development at Lake Chilika? What risks exist at Lake Chilika? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 30

Opportunities: Lake Chilika is home to large stocks of unique fish, mammals, reptiles and birds, while this area is also a major attraction to tourists looking to visit wildlife reserves. CHILIKA LAKE BIRD SANCTUARY.
Risks: Storm surges, tsunamis, climate change and rising sea levels threaten the area.

Question 31

What opportunities exist at Odisha in terms of materials? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 31

3.5% of the coast is rich in minerals and heavy metal deposits. Clay and limestone resources also exist here too.

Question 32

What opportunities exist at Odisha in terms of energy? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 32

Odisha has huge potential in terms of offshore gas and oil reserves, while the area has major opportunities for wind, wave and tidal power too.

Question 33

What opportunities exist at Odisha in terms of employment? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 33

The area is a major site for tourism due to its rich ecological identity, while it also has many cultural and heritage sites at the coast. Fishing and sustainable agriculture has begun to employ many people at the coast.

Question 34

What human risks exist at Odisha in terms of erosion? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 34

Odisha has seen increasing rates of erosion in recent years, with the majority of the population of the state living in coastal areas. This hence threatens them. Furthermore, previous defence systems in the area have caused increased erosion rates downdrift.

Question 35

What natural risks exist at Odisha in terms of erosion? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 35

Erosion has reduced sediment stores along the coast, threatening the existence of natural environments such as beaches, dunes, barrier beaches, salt marshes and estuaries.

Question 36

When did Super-cyclone Kalina take place? How many people were killed? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 36

Super-cyclone Kalina took place in 1999, with 10,000 people killed.

Question 37

When did Tropical storm Phailin take place? How many people were killed? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 37

Tropical storm Phailin took place in 2013, with only 44 people killed.

Question 38

What were the impacts of Tropical storm Phailin? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 38

Tropical Storm Phailin saw 500,000 Ha of farmland damaged, power lines destroyed, 1000s of mangroves felled and $700,000 USD of damage.

Question 39

What examples are there of resilience from tropical cyclones on the Odisha coast? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 39

Cyclone shelters have been constructed to protect locals from tropical storms, while grain stores have been accumulated to create certainty over food supply in event of agricultural damage.

Question 40

What examples are there of mitigation of disruption from tropical cyclones at the Odisha Coast? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 40

1 million people were successfully evacuated from the area during the 2013 Tropical storm Phailin, while relief supplies were distributed prior to the storm approaching. Electronic warnings used.

Question 41

What groups are involved in Odisha’s ICZM(P)? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 41

Groups involved in Odisha’s ICZM(P) include the World Bank, the Ministry of Environment, the Government of Odisha, local industries and local groups.

Question 42

How have livelihoods and employment been helped by the IZCM(P) at Odisha? How many people received financial assistance to aid this? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 42

Odisha’s ICZM(P) has seen alternative lifestyle choices created away from fishing through self help groups and local resources. 45,000 people have received financial assistance to build alternative lives.

Question 43

How has the ICZM(P) at Odisha helped to improve resilience to climatic events? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 43

The Odisha ICZM(P) has seen the construction of multi-purpose cyclone shelters, built protection for historical heritage sites along the coast and built grain stores to safeguard food supplies.

Question 44

How has the ICZM(P) at Odisha been used to improve the ecological environment? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 44

The ecological environment at Odisha has been improved by maintaining biodiversity and water quality at Lake Chilika to protect species and natural environments. Waste management being encouraged to reduce pollution.

Question 45

What economic activities have been encouraged by the ICZM(P) at Odisha? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 45

The ICZM(P) has seen poultry farming, rope making, crafts and carpet/mat making thrive under new sustainable initiatives.

Question 46

What efforts are being undertaken at the Mahanadi Delta to increase resilience to storm events and boost biodiversity? How will this help? - Norfolk/Odisha

Answer 46

The Mahanadi Delta is seeing efforts to increase the presence of mangroves along this area to act as a natural flood defence and improve the biodiversity of the area.