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Infectious Diseases > Acute Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Acute Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 more serious Influenza infections?

A

Influenza A and B

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2
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

It is an airborne virus and is transmitted in droplets - coughing, sneezing and talking

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3
Q

How long can influenza remain on surfaces?

A

24 hours

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4
Q

What is the average incubation period for an influenza infection?

A

2 days (1-4)

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5
Q

What are the 2 surface antigen classes that are on flu virus surfaces?

A

H and N classes

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6
Q

How are flu mutations classed?

A

According to their surface antigens e.g. H1N1 (swine flu) H7N9 etc.

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7
Q

Define ‘Antigenic drift’

A

Gradual accumulation of mutations that change the surface antigens and make the virus less susceptible to the antibodies produced during previous infections.

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8
Q

Define ‘Antigenic shift’

A

Two or more strains combine to form a new subtype with surface antigens that humans have not encountered previously (completely new surface antigens)

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of an influenza infection?

A
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Sore throat
  • Myalgias
  • Frontal/retro-orbital headache
  • Fatigue
  • Conjunctivitis
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10
Q

How long should it take for someone to get over uncomplicated influenza?

A

2-5 days

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11
Q

Define ‘Uncomplicated influenza’

A

Influenza with fever, coryza, generalised symptoms and GI symptoms.

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12
Q

Define ‘complicated influenza’

A

Influenza requiring hospital admission and/or with symptoms of LRTI (hypoxaemia, dyspnoea, lung infiltrates), CNS involvement and/or significant exacerbation of an underlying medical condition.

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for complicated influenza?

A
  • Neuro, hepatic, renal, pulmonary and chronic cardiac disease
  • DM
  • Immunosuppression
  • > 65
  • Pregnancy (up to 2 weeks post partum)
  • Morbidly obese (BMI >40)
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14
Q

What are the 4 complications of influenza?

A
  1. Primary viral pneumonia
  2. Secondary bacterial pneumonia
  3. Myositis and rhabdomyolysis
  4. CNS complications
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15
Q

What is MERS-CoV?

A

Middle-Eastern respiratory syndrome related coronavirus

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16
Q

What is SARS-CoV-2?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus AKA COVID-19

17
Q

What is the mortality rate in relation to MERS-CoV?

A

> 30%

18
Q

Radiological infection findings can indicate certain infections, what are the common infective causes of; Consolidation?

A
  • Bacterial pneumonia

- Aspergillosis

19
Q

Radiological infection findings can indicate certain infections, what are the common infective causes of; cavitation?

A
  • Mycobacteria
  • Histoplasma
  • Bacterial pneumonia (S.aureus)
  • Aspergillosis
20
Q

Radiological infection findings can indicate certain infections, what are the common infective causes of; nodular lesions?

A
  • Bacterial pneumonia
  • Aspergillosis
  • Nocardiosis
  • Mucormycosis
21
Q

Radiological infection findings can indicate certain infections, what are the common infective causes of; pleural effusion?

A
  • Bacterial pneumonia

- TB

22
Q

Radiological infection findings can indicate certain infections, what are the common infective causes of; Ground glass opacities?

A
  • Pneumocytosis
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Atypical bacterial pneumonia
  • Aspergillosis
23
Q

Name some neuraminidase inhibitors

A
  • Oseltamivir

- Zanamivir

24
Q

What infection can neuraminidase inhibitors be used to treat?

A

Influenza

25
Q

What are the ways in which we can try to prevent transmission of respiratory viruses?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Cough etiquette
  • Vaccination
  • Medications
  • Social distancing
  • Mask wearing

Infectious Diseases (7 decks)

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