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biology gcse aqa > 4. Bioenergetics > Flashcards

4. Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Releasing energy from glucose

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2
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + (energy)

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3
Q

Balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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4
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

In every living cell on specialised membranes

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5
Q

Is aerobic respiration exothermic?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

Gives out heat

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7
Q

Where are specialised membranes for aerobic respiration in eukaryotes?

A

In mitochondria

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8
Q

Where are specialised membranes for aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

A

In mesosomes

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9
Q

What is the role of cytoplasm in aerobic respiration?

A
  • Where enzymes are made

- Location of reaction in respiration

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10
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in aerobic respiration?

A

Hold genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration

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11
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in aerobic respiration?

A

Contain enzymes for aerobic respiration

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12
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane in aerobic respiration?

A
  • Allows gases and water to pass in and out of cell

- Controls passage of other molecules

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13
Q

What happens to oxygen in respiration?

A

Breathed in through lungs -> circulated in blood -> diffuses to cells

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14
Q

What happens to glucose in respiration?

A

Digested in digestive system -> absorbed in blood -> diffuses into cells

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15
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide in respiration?

A

Produced by respiration in cells -> diffuses into blood -> circulates in the blood to the alveoli -> diffuses into lungs through alveoli -> breathed out

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16
Q

What happens to water in respiration?

A

Produced by cells in respiration-> moves out of cells by osmosis -> circulates in blood -> excess removed through sweat, urine etc

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17
Q

What is energy released in aerobic respiration used for?

A
  • contraction of muscles
  • active transport
  • chemical reactions
  • cell division
  • protein synthesis
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18
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

In all plant and animal cells as well as in fungi and algals cells

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19
Q

Adaptations of mitochondria for respiration?

A

Folded inner membrane = larger SA for enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

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20
Q

What does the number of mitochondria in a cell show?

A

How active the cell is

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21
Q

What does having a greater muscle mass mean?

A

You will need more energy

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22
Q

Why do boys need more energy than girls?

A

Boys have more muscle cells and therefore more mitochondria to release energy

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23
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Organelles which carry out aerobic respiration to release energy from glucose for use in the cellg

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24
Q

Why do muscles use a lot of energy?

A

For movement and support, as well as life processed such as breathing and circulation

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25
Q

What is muscle tissue made of?

A

Protein fibres that occur in big groups called muscles

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26
Q

How do muscles cause movement?

A

They contract

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27
Q

What do muscles do when their role is finished?

A

Relax

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28
Q

What do muscles contain?

A

Many mitochondria and glycogen stores

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29
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

Using energy from respiration

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30
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A carbohydrate that is rapidly hydrolysed into glucose

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31
Q

What does hydrolysed mean?

A

Split using water

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32
Q

Why does a person’s heart and breathing rate increase after exercise?

A

When someone is exercising they need more energy released by respiration so the heart pumps harder to carry oxygen and glucose and remove carbon dioxide

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33
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen

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34
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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35
Q

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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36
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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37
Q

How does carbon dioxide become available for photosynthesis?

A

It diffuses in from the air through the stomata of the leaf

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38
Q

How does water become available for photosynthesis?

A

From the soil it is absorbed by the root hair cells (large SA) by osmosis

39
Q

What is glucose produced by photosynthesis used for?

A

Used in respiration, converted into starch, used to produce fat oil for storage, cellulose, and protein synthesis

40
Q

What is oxygen produced by photosynthesis used for?

A

Some used in respiration - oxygen diffuses out of the leaf through stomata

41
Q

How is a leaf adapted for photosynthesis?

A
  • Flat and thin, large SA to absorb maximum light energy
  • contains chlorophyll
  • network of veins to transport water and minerals to leaf and carbohydrates away
  • waxy layer is translucent to light can pass through to palisades
42
Q

Why are leaves so thin?

A

So gases (CO2) can diffuse to the palisade cells quickly

43
Q

How to test for starch?

A

Iodine

44
Q

Colour change in iodine when starch is present?

A

yellow/brown -> blue/black

45
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases

46
Q

In what proportion do light intensity and distance increase?

A

light intensity decreases to the square of the distance - inversely proportional

light intensity (IS PROPORTIONAL TO) 1/d2

47
Q

Light intensity when a lamp is 10cm from the pondweed?

A

light intensity = 1/100 = 0.01 a.u.

48
Q

Light intensity when a lamp is 30 cm from the pondweed?

A

light intensity = 1/30 squared = 0.001 a.u. (1 s.f.)

49
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide, light intensity and temperature

50
Q

What are limiting factors of photosynthesis when light intensity is increased?

A

Carbon dioxide and temperature

51
Q

What are limiting factors of photosynthesis when temperature is increased?

A

photosynthetic enzymes denatured at 45 degrees celsius

52
Q

What are limiting factors of photosynthesis when carbon dioxide is increased?

A

light or temperature - CO2 no longer affects the rate

53
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

A growing system that uses water instead of soil

54
Q

Positives of hydroponics?

A
  • quicker growth rate
  • no herbicides/pesticides
  • use of fertiliser contained -> less harmful to environment
  • monitor & manipulate oxygen and minerals
55
Q

Negatives of hydroponics?

A
  • more workers = more costly
  • labour intensive
  • expensive monitoring systems
  • expensive to start business (green house etc.)
56
Q

What is small holding?

A

Small farms meant crop rotation was required so crops weren’t grown on some fields for land to recover

57
Q

What is arable farming?

A

Farming a larger area of land: after harvest stubble is ploughed back into land and fertiliser added to maintain mineral levels

58
Q

How does the body react to increased demand for energy during exercise?

A
  • increase in heart & breathing rate, breath volume
  • glycogen stores in muscles -> glucose
  • flow of oxygenated blood increases
59
Q

What do the body’s responses to exercise increase?

A

Rate of supply of glucose and oxygen to muscles, and rate of removal of CO2 from muscles

60
Q

What does the body respond to during exercise?

A

The increased demand for energy

61
Q

Why do muscles contain a glycogen store but most other tissues don’t?

A

Normal cells obtain glucose by diffusion and muscles work hard therefore need more energy

62
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen

63
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

During exercise muscle cells may become short of oxygen and it cannot be supplied fast enough

Energy can still be obtained from glucose without use of oxygen

64
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose-> lactic acid + energy (small amounts)

65
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

When muscle fibres become fatigued after carrying out vigorous exercise

66
Q

What happens when cells are respiring without oxygen?

A
  • Not efficient as aerobic
  • Oxidation of glucose molecules incomplete
  • Less energy released
67
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

When lactic acid has to be broken down after exercise which needs oxygen

68
Q

Word equation for oxygen debt?

A

Lactic acid + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

69
Q

What happens as lactic acid accumulates inside the muscle cells?

A

Enters bloodstream

70
Q

What happens to circulating lactate in the blood?

A

The liver soaks it up

71
Q

What does the liver do to lactate that it soaks up?

A

Oxidises lactic acid to pyruvate

72
Q

What enzyme helps oxidise lactic acid to pyruvate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

73
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase do?

A

Uses electrons from lactate to reduce NAO to NAOH

74
Q

What happens to pyruvate?

A

Enters mitochondria via transporter, where it may meet with a couple of fates

75
Q

Why do heart and breathing rate stay high until oxygen debt is paid off?

A

To supply the extra oxygen

76
Q

How do arteries supplying the leg muscles alter the rate of blood flow through them during exercise?

A

They dilate so more blood can flow, meaning it can reach different areas of the body more quickly

77
Q

How does an increase in heart rate help during exercise?

A

Muscles use more energy so more oxygen and glucose were supplied to part of the body meaning that more carbon divide and lactic acid were removed

78
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body

79
Q

What is energy transferred by respiration used for in terms of metabolism?

A

Energy is used by the organism for continual process of metabolism that synthesise new materials

80
Q

What are the types of metabolism?

A

Where larger molecules are made from smaller ones and others where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

81
Q

Examples of chemical reactions where larger molecules are made of smaller ones?

A
  • Small glucose molecules -> stark, glycogen and cellulose
  • Lipids -> 1 molecule glycerol and 3 of fatty acids
  • Glucose + nitrate ions -> amino acid
82
Q

Examples of chemical reactions where larger molecules broken into smaller ones?

A
  • Glucose broken down in respiration (releases energy)

* Excess protein broken down -> urea

83
Q

Types of metabolic pathways?

A

Anabolic and catabolic

84
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Requires energy - used to build up large molecules from smaller ones

85
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

Releases energy - used to break down large molecules into smaller ones

86
Q

Does an anabolic pathway release or require energy?

A

Requires energy

87
Q

Does a catabolic pathway release or require energy?

A

Releases energy

88
Q

Which metabolic pathway breaks down molecules?

A

Catabolic

89
Q

Which metabolic pathway builds up molecules?

A

Anabolic

90
Q

Example of where anabolic pathways are used?

A

Photosynthesis - where glucose molecules are formed from different raw materials (carbon dioxide and water)

91
Q

Examples of where catabolic pathways are used?

A

Food digestion - where different enzymes break down food particles so they can be absorbed by the small intestine

92
Q

Are almost all metabolic reactions reversible?

A

Yes

93
Q

What happens if an enzyme of substrate is unavailable in a metabolic pathway?

A

The product may be made using an alternative route; another metabolic pathway

94
Q

How does water produced by respiration leave cells?

A

By osmosis

biology gcse aqa (14 decks)

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