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all topics gcse biology triple > Topic 8- Animal Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

Topic 8- Animal Exchange And Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

The rate of diffusion can speed up or slow down based what factors ?

A

Concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Temperature

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2
Q

How can concentration gradient slow or speed up the rate of diffusion ?

A

The concentration gradient is linked to the difference in concentration between two areas.

The bigger the difference in concentration between two areas, the greater the concentration gradient and the faster the rate of diffusion.

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3
Q

How can membrane surface area slow or speed up the rate of diffusion ?

A

The larger the surface area of the membrane that a substance is diffusing through (e.g. the membrane around a cell), the faster the rate of diffusion.

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4
Q

How can temperature slow or speed up the rate of diffusion ?

A

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.

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5
Q

What is meant when asked Surface Area to Volume Ratio ?

A

Small organisms normally have higher surface area to volume ratios than large organisms. This means that diffusion can happen through a large area in small organisms. This makes diffusion useful for transporting molecules through a small organism.

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6
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted for absorption of water and nutrients?

A

The large surface area of root hair cells increases the rate of diffusion.
This allows more water and nutrients to enter the plant.

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7
Q

Why can’t multicellular organisms just rely on diffusion?

A

Multicellular organisms (with more than one cell) cannot just rely on diffusion. Their cells are too far from the external environment, and so they need a transport system with specialised surfaces to exchange molecules.

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8
Q

What’s fick’s law ?

A

rate of diffusion=(surface area×concentration difference)÷thickness of membrane

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9
Q

What are Exchange surfaces ?

A

are surfaces that are adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas and solute (a substance dissolved in a liquid) exchange across them

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10
Q

What are the adaptations of exchange surfaces (aveoli) ?

A

Thin membrane
Ventilation
Large surface area
Blood supply

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11
Q

How is having a thin membrane an adaptation for the exchange surfaces (alveoli) ?

A

A thin membrane reduces the diffusion distance.

Alveoli are one cell thick

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12
Q

How is having ventilation an adaptation for the exchange surfaces ?

A

In animals, if a gas is exchanged, the surface is ventilated (through breathing) to maintain a high concentration gradient and increase the rate of exchange.

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13
Q

How is having a large surface area an adaptation for the exchange surfaces (alveoli) ?

A

A large surface area allows more of a substance to diffuse at the same time.
Alveoli create a large surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.

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14
Q

How is having a blood supply an adaptation for the exchange surfaces (alveoli) ?

A

Where substances are exchanged through blood in animals, exchange surfaces are densely packed with blood vessels:

These blood vessels replenish the blood supply to maintain a high concentration gradient by bringing in new blood as diffusion starts to even out the concentrations.

There are many capillaries around the alveoli.

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15
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

One cell thick for short diffusion distance.
Good blood supply (surrounded by many capillaries).
Create a large surface area in the lungs.

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16
Q

Multicellular organisms (with more than one cell) cannot just rely on diffusion. Their cells are too far from the external environment, so what do they need ?

A

so they need a transport system with specialised surfaces to exchange molecules.

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17
Q

How is the small intestine an example of a specialised exchange surface?

A

The small intestine is adapted for exchanging nutrients between digested food in the small intestine and the blood

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18
Q

How are alveoli an example of a specialised exchange surface ?

A

The alveoli (small air sacs in the lungs) are adapted for exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood and air

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19
Q

How are gills an example of a specialised exchange surface ?

A

The gills are adapted for exchanging oxygen that is dissolved in water, with the carbon dioxide in a fish’s bloodstream.

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20
Q

How are roots an example of a specialised exchange surface ?

A

Roots are adapted for taking up both water and minerals from the soil around them.

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21
Q

How are leaves an example of a specialised exchange surface ?

A

Leaves are adapted for exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen between the leaves and the surrounding air.

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22
Q

What is blood ?

A

Blood is a tissue. Tissues are groups of similar cells that act together to perform a similar function.

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23
Q

What is blood made up of ?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes)
Platelets
Plasma

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24
Q

What are the features of platelets ?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments that do not have a nucleus.

Platelets are responsible for triggering blood clotting at the sites of wounds

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25
Q

How are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets all suspended ?

A

All suspended in blood plasma

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26
Q

What is the role of red blood cells ?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to all body cells

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27
Q

What are the adaptations that red blood cells have to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body ?

A

Biconcave shape
Small size
Haemoglobin
No nucleus

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28
Q

How is having no nucleus an adaptation of a red blood cell ?

A

Red blood cells do not have a nucleus. This frees up more room for haemoglobin.
This maximises the amount of oxygen that they can carry.

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29
Q

How is having haemoglobin an adaptation of the red blood cell ?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which binds with oxygen in the lungs.
Haemoglobin carries oxygen which will then be released to the body cells to be used for respiration.

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30
Q

How is having a small size an adaptation of the red blood cell ?

A

Red blood cells are small so that they can pass through tiny capillaries

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31
Q

How is having a biconcave shape an adaptation of red blood cells ?

A

Red blood cells have dents on each side.
We call this a biconcave shape.
This biconcave shape creates a large surface area and allows for the rapid diffusion of oxygen.

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32
Q

Why do whales need to stop lost of oxygen ?

A

Whales need to store lots of oxygen because they don’t breathe when they dive underwater. Whales have 2x as much haemoglobin in their blood as humans.

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33
Q

What is the role of white blood cells ?

A

White blood cells defend against infections

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34
Q

What are the features of white blood cells ?

A

Have a nucleus

Can change shape

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35
Q

Why can white blood cells change shape ?

A

White blood cells can change shape.

This allows them to squeeze through the walls of blood vessels into body tissues and to engulf harmful microorganisms.

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36
Q

What would happen if red blood cells had a nucleus?

A

There would be less room for haemoglobin and oxygen

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37
Q

What are the three different types of vessels that blood moves around the body in ?

A

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

38
Q

What is the function of arteries ?

A

Arteries transport blood away from the heart to the organs. They all carry oxygenated (contains oxygen) blood (apart from the pulmonary artery)

39
Q

How has the structure of arteries adapted to perform their function in the body ?

A

Elastic fibres - The walls have elastic fibres, allowing them to stretch and spring back.

Thick muscle walls - Artery walls have thick layers of muscle. This makes them strong and able to cope with the high pressure at which blood is pumped out by the heart.

40
Q

How are artery walls adapted for their function?

A

They have thick layers of muscle that make them strong and able to cope with the high pressure at which blood is pumped out by the heart.

They have elastic fibres, allowing them to stretch and spring back.

41
Q

How do veins form ?

A

when capillaries join up after passing through the body

42
Q

What is the function of veins ?

A

They transport deoxygenated (contains no oxygen) blood (apart from the pulmonary vein) from the organs back to the heart

43
Q

Why do veins have thinner walls then arteries?

A

Blood is at a lower pressure

44
Q

Why do veins have a larger cross section then arteries?

A

Low pressure hinders blood flow. This means that veins have a wider cross section through which blood can flow to counteract this.

45
Q

Why do veins have valves ?

A

Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

46
Q

When Arteries branch into much smaller vessels what are they called ?

A

capillaries

47
Q

Why do capillaries have thin walls ?

A

This means that there can be an efficient exchange of:

food and oxygen moves out of the blood and into the cells.

waste products, such as carbon dioxide, move out of the cells and into the blood

48
Q

What is an example of a waste product that moves into the blood in capillaries?

A

Carbon dioxide

49
Q

Which is the only type of vein that carries oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

50
Q

What do the group of cells in the right atrium act as ?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium act as a pacemaker. They control the timing of the heart beat.

51
Q

What happens in a heart beat within the heart ?

A

Blood enters the heart via the atria.

Once filled with blood, the atria contract, forcing blood down into the ventricles below.

When the ventricles contract, they force blood to exit the heart

52
Q

How can irregular heart beats be corrected ?

A

Irregular heart rates can be corrected using electrical devices known as artificial pacemakers.

53
Q

What are the chambers of the hearts?

A

Right atrium Left atrium

Right ventricle Left ventricle

54
Q

Compared to the right ventricle, the walls of the left ventricle are what ?

A

Thicker

55
Q

The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through a vein called what ?

A

Vena cava

56
Q

The heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the what ?

A

Pulmonary vein

57
Q

The heart pumps out oxygenated blood to the body through the what ?

A

Aorta

58
Q

The heart pumps out deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the what ?

A

Pulmonary artery

59
Q

What type of arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood ?

A

coronary arteries

60
Q

What is the cardiac output ?

A

cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle

61
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output ?

A

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (normally about 75 beats per minute in humans) by the stroke volume (which is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat

62
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

which is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat

63
Q

What are the three key components of the human circulatory system ?

A

Blood vessels, blood and the heart

64
Q

Why is the human circulatory system called a double circulatory system ?

A

because blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

65
Q

What is the blood passage cycle ?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters into the right atrium of the heart.
This deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart and towards the lungs by the right ventricle
At the lungs, the deoxygenated blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. This is how it becomes oxygenated (contains oxygen).
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart.
This oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart and to the body by the left ventricle.
The oxygenated blood gives its oxygen to body cells in exchange for carbon dioxide.
The blood becomes deoxygenated and returns to the heart.

66
Q

What are alveoli?

A

The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs

67
Q

How does Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the air and blood ?

A

by diffusion in the alveoli

68
Q

How have alveoli adapted ?

A

Large surface area

Alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries and so:
they have a rich oxygen supply.
the distance for gases to diffuse is small.

69
Q

What are the reasons that cells and organisms need energy ?

A

Construction
Constriction
Homeostasis
Cellular respiration

70
Q

Why do cells and organisms need construction?

A

To make larger molecules from smaller molecules. For example:
Glucose molecules can be joined together to produce starch (in plants).
Proteins can be made from amino acids in plants and animals.

71
Q

Why do cells and organisms need contraction ?

A

To contract the muscles of animals, allowing them to move

72
Q

Why do cells and organisms need homeostasis?

A

To keep the body temperature of warm-blooded animals (mammals and birds) relatively constant

73
Q

Why do cells and organisms need cellular respiration?

A

Respiration happens in every cell of the living body.

It is a universal chemical process.

74
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Respiration is an exothermic reaction (releases energy) that supplies all the energy needed by living organisms. This reaction happens continuously in all living cells.

75
Q

What are the types of respiration?

A

The reaction can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen)

76
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic (with oxygen)

77
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic (without oxygen)

78
Q

What happens in aerobic respiration?

A

In aerobic respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen in the mitochondria of cells to give carbon dioxide, water and energy.

79
Q

What is the chemical and symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 (+ energy)

80
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration in animals ?

A

Glucose is not broken down completely, making it a less efficient way of transferring energy than aerobic respiration.
In animals, glucose is converted to lactic acid:

81
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals ?

A

Glucose → lactic acid

82
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration happen ?

A

Anaerobic respiration happens when insufficient (not enough) oxygen reaches the muscles during periods of intense activity.

83
Q

What happens in Anaerobic respiration in plants ?

A

In plant and yeast cells, glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide

84
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants ?

A

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
In yeast cells, this is called fermentation. This is an important step in the manufacture (making) of both bread and alcohol.

85
Q

What is happens in fermentation in yeast ?

A

In plant and yeast cells, glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
In yeast cells, this is called fermentation. This is an important step in the manufacture (making) of both bread and alcohol.

86
Q

In aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration what is the difference in glucose ?

A

Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose.

Anaerobic respiration only partially breaks down glucose.

87
Q

In aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration what is the difference in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ?

A

Aerobic respiration produces much more adenosine triphosphate (ATP, which is a unit of energy) than anaerobic respiration.

88
Q

In aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration what is the difference in oxygen ?

A

Oxygen is needed for aerobic but not anaerobic respiration.

89
Q

In aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration what is the difference in products ?

A

Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.

Anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and ethanol (plants and yeast) or lactic acid (animals).

90
Q

What is the name given to the sum of all the chemical reactions that happen in an organism?

A

Metabolism

91
Q

What is made by combining glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Lipid molecules

92
Q

In which organelle does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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