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Semester 2 > 1. Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

1. Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Acid base balance
  • Protection from infection
  • Communication via speech
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2
Q

How is energy produced by gas exchange?

A

Oxygen is burned and energy is released, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product

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3
Q

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

A
  • Acquiring oxygen

- Removing carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A
  • Transporting oxygen to tissues

- Transporting carbon dioxide away from tissues

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5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Integration of respiratory and cardiovascular systems allowing the movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells

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6
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Travels AWAY from the heart

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7
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Travels TOWARDS the heart

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8
Q

How does pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?

A
  • Opposite in function

- It delivers carbon dioxide to the lungs and picks up oxygen

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9
Q

What does an increase in energy demand by working muscles lead to?

A
  • Increase in rate and depth of breathing

- Increase in heart rate and force of contraction

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10
Q

What does an increase in rate and depth of breathing speed up?

A
  • Substrate (O2) acquisition

- Waste disposal (CO2)

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11
Q

What does an increase in heart rate and force of contraction speed up?

A
  • Substrate delivery to muscle via blood

- Waste removal via blood

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12
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A
  • Lungs

- Systemic capillaries

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13
Q

Describe gas exchange at the lungs.

A
  • O2 moves from inspired air to blood

- CO2 moves from blood to air which is then expired

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14
Q

Describe gas exchange at the systemic capillaries.

A
  • O2 moves from blood to cells

- CO2 moves from cells to blood

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15
Q

How is gas build up in the circulation prevented?

A

In steady state:
net volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per unit time = net volume exchanged in the tissues.
-The same applies for carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What does a gas build up in the circulation result in?

A

Hampered gas exchange

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17
Q

What are the average volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged per minute?

A
  • 250ml oxygen consumed

- 200ml carbon dioxide produced

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18
Q

What are the average breathing rates of adults?

A
  • At rest 10-20 breaths/min

- At maximum exercise 40-45 breaths/min

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19
Q

What physical structures form the respiratory system?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglottis
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Lungs
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20
Q

What occurs at the nose in relation to gas exchange?

A

Air enters the body via the nose where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten the air

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21
Q

What happens to air after entering the nose?

A

From the nose, air moves down into the pharynx or throat, which is shared with the digestive system

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22
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

The small flap of tissue folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

23
Q

What is the trachea made up of?

A

Stiff rings of cartilage that support and protect it

24
Q

Where does air pass through after the pharynx?

A

Trachea

25
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Vocal chords which vibrate to produce sound

26
Q

What is the soft spongy texture of the lungs due to?

A

The many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them

27
Q

What happens to air after it passes through the trachea?

A

It moves into the right and left bronchi which lead inside the lungs

28
Q

Where does air from the trachea flow to?

A

Into the left and right bronchi which lead inside the lungs

29
Q

What are the two components of the respiratory system?

A
  • Upper respiratory system

- Lower respiratory system

30
Q

What is the upper respiratory system composed of?

A
  • Mouth
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
31
Q

What is the lower respiratory system composed of?

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
32
Q

What is the lower respiratory system enclosed in?

A

-The thorax, bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm

33
Q

Where are aspirated foreign bodies commonly lodged?

A

The right bronchi

34
Q

How is the patency of the airway maintained?

A

By the C shaped rings of cartilage

35
Q

What is the point of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

36
Q

How is patency maintained in the bronchioles where there is no cartilage rings?

A

By physical forces in thorax

37
Q

How can airway diameter and resistance to airflow be altered?

A

By activity of bronchial smooth muscle

38
Q

What does contraction of bronchial smooth muscle result in?

A

Decrease in diameter = increase in resistance

39
Q

What does relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle result in?

A

Increases diameter = Decrease in resistance

40
Q

Where does most resistance to air flow occur?

A

Trachea and bronchi

41
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone?

A

Bronchioles and Alveoli

42
Q

What makes up the contraction zone?

A

Trachea and bronchi

43
Q

What is each cluster of alveoli surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

44
Q

What are alveoli composed of?

A
  • Type I cells for gas exchange

- Type II cells that synthesise surfactant

45
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do?

A

Ingest foreign material that reach the alveoli

46
Q

Why does gas exchange only occur at the alveoli?

A
  • They have very thin walls

- The walls of the upper airways are too thick

47
Q

What is air in the airways known as and why?

A
  • Anatomical dead space

- It cannot participate in gas exchange

48
Q

What feature of the alveoli enhances gas exchange?

A

Their huge surface area

49
Q

What lines the respiratory tract?

A
  • Epithelium (pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar)
  • Glands
  • Lymph nodes
  • Blood vessels
  • Ciliated
  • Mucous
50
Q

Describe the progression from nose to alveoli.

A
  • Epithelium becomes more squamous
  • Cilia lost
  • Mucous cells lost ( before cilia)
51
Q

What does the mucous do?

A
  • Moistens air
  • Traps particles
  • Provides large surface area for cilia to act on
52
Q

Where do alveoli macrophages escape to?

A

Pharynx and lymph nodes

53
Q

Describe Type I pneumocytes.

A
  • 97% alveolar surface
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Gas exchange
54
Q

Describe type II pneumocytes.

A
  • Produce surfactant
  • Phospholipids and protein
  • Reduces surface tension at alveolar surface
  • Reduces work of breathing

Semester 2 (150 decks)

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