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Perseption > R1:2 > Flashcards

R1:2 Flashcards

1
Q

The only way to see, hear, taste, smell, and feel what you want to experience is by _____.

  1. identifying stimulus inputs
  2. discriminating among similar stimuli
  3. developing necessary cognitive constructs
  4. activating sensory receptors
A
  1. activating sensory receptors
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2
Q

Steven’s auditory receptors were damaged failing to use hearing protection when working in a loud environment. As a result, we can expect that _____.

  1. the areas of his brain associated with auditory perception will have diminished considerably in size
  2. he is almost certainly permanently and completely disabled and likely to requireassistance to live independently
  3. he will be unable to work without special support, such as the use of hearing aids
  4. his auditory experiences will differ from those of an individual whose receptors have not been damaged
A
  1. his auditory experiences will differ from those of an individual whose receptors have not
    been damaged
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3
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for creating perceptions and producing other “high” level functions such as language, memory, and thinking?

  1. brain stem
  2. cerebral cortex
  3. hypothalamus
  4. occipital lobe
A
  1. cerebral cortex
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4
Q

Visual form agnosia is a problem of the _____ step of the perceptual process.

  1. action
  2. attention
  3. transduction
  4. recognition
A
  1. recognition
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5
Q

Which statement best describes the steps of the perceptual process?

  1. The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at perception
  2. The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at knowledge
  3. The steps are unidirectional, starting at transduction and ending at recognition
  4. The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing.
A
  1. The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing.
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6
Q

Justin forgot to wear his glasses to class so the writing he sees on the chalk board is blurry. Even so, he is sure it says “Pop Quiz!” because he knows that there are pop quizzes in the class and he can read the “P” and the “Q”. What allows him to read the board?

  1. bottom-up processing
  2. oblique processing
  3. top-down processing
  4. compression
A
  1. top-down processing
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7
Q

Trying to read a note written by someone with poor handwriting involves _____.

  1. only top-down processing
  2. only bottom-up processing
  3. both top-down and bottom-up processing
  4. only data-based processing
A
  1. both top-down and bottom-up processing
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8
Q

The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of _____.

  1. limits
  2. constant stimuli
  3. searching
  4. scaling
A
  1. limits
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9
Q

Kimmy is casting shadows on the wall and watching whether her cat Tiger jumps at the shadows or not. She uses different hand motions to see if there is a difference in whether Tiger jumps or not. Kimmy is informally studying which relationship?

  1. the stimulus-physiology relationship
  2. the physiology-perception relationship
  3. the stimulus-perception relationship
  4. the perception-behavior relationship
A
  1. the stimulus-perception relationship
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10
Q

Ilsa recently had a stroke that has damaged her ability to name objects. Her neurologist shows Ilsa a pen and asks her to name what it is. This is best described as a test of _____.

  1. recognition
  2. Magnitude
  3. reaction time
  4. description
A
  1. recognition
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11
Q

As a part of the interview process for his dream job – quality control at a small, luxury chocolate manufacturer – Tony is asked to taste small pieces of chocolate and then describe what he tastes. Tony is most likely being asked to provide a(n) _____.

  1. phenomenological report
  2. magnitude estimation
  3. adaptation curve
  4. absolute thresholds
A
  1. phenomenological report
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12
Q

Michaela lives near the railroad tracks and often hears the loud bangs associated with cars being added to trains. When a friend of hers is visiting, the friend becomes alarmed at the sounds, wondering what they are but Michaela is able to reassure her friend that it is a normal
train-related sound. Michaela’s _____ skills, at least in this situation, are superior to her friend’s.

  1. recognition
  2. detection
  3. search
  4. adjustment
A
  1. recognition
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13
Q

Magnus works for a company that designs adapted products to help people who have trouble grasping items. Today he is meeting with children who have difficulty grasping as a result of traumatic brain injury and has provided them with a supply of crayons that have been adapted
in various ways. Magnus watches as the children color with the crayons. Which question is he most likely asking?

  1. How quickly do the children react to the crayons?
  2. How do the children interact with the crayons?
  3. How do the children describe the crayons?
  4. Can the children identify the crayons?
A
  1. How do the children interact with the crayons?
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14
Q

Our perception of the environment begins with _____.

  1. energy
  2. the proximal stimulus
  3. the distal stimulus
  4. cognition
A
  1. the distal stimulus
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15
Q

The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye’s focusing power is the _____.

  1. iris
  2. pupil
  3. cornea
  4. lens
A
  1. cornea
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16
Q

Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called _____.

  1. inhibition
  2. reflection
  3. accommodation
  4. assimilation
A

c. accommondation

Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies.

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17
Q

Lorelei’s mother is 60 years old, and, because of the condition called _____, she has a difficult time bringing near objects into focus.

  1. cataracts
  2. diplopia
  3. presbyopia
  4. retinitis pigmentosa
A
  1. presbyopia
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18
Q

Vera has hyperopia, and tends to get headaches when she reads. This might be because_____.

  1. Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate
  2. Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate
  3. Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged
  4. Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read
A
  1. Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate
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19
Q

Individuals with myopia may have difficulty seeing _____ objects clearly. Often times, they are also referred to as being _____.

  1. nearby; farsighted
  2. nearby; nearsighted
  3. distant; farsighted
  4. distant; nearsighted
A
  1. distant; nearsighted
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20
Q

_______ reacts to light to start the process of transduction.

Opsin
Retinal
Choroid
Thyric acid

A

Retinal

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21
Q

Which of the following is true about the difference between the rods and the cones?

  1. The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones control vision in low illumination conditions.
  2. The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina.
  3. There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 6 million cones.
  4. The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape.
A
  1. There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 6 million cones.
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22
Q

A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is _____.

  1. macular degeneration
  2. retinitis pigmentosa
  3. presbyopia
  4. retinal hypopolarization
A
  1. macular degeneration
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23
Q

In the early stages of _____, peripheral rod receptors are destroyed leading to poorer peripheral vision.

  1. macular degeneration
  2. retinitis pigmentosa
  3. presbyopia
  4. retinal hypopolarization
A
  1. retinitis pigmentosa
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24
Q

_____ is necessary for the neural transmission and processing of information.

  1. Only inhibition
  2. Only excitation
  3. Only equalization
  4. Both inhibition and excitation
A
  1. Both inhibition and excitation
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25
Q

Rods and cones synapse with _____ cells, which then synapse with ____ cells

  1. ganglion; bipolar
  2. bipolar; ganglion
  3. amacrine; unipolar
  4. amacrine; bipolar
A
  1. bipolar; ganglion
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26
Q

Reading the eye chart in an optometrist’s office is used to measure _____.

  1. acuity
  2. sensitivity
  3. receptive fields
  4. creativity
A
  1. acuity
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27
Q

The difficulty of reading under dim light conditions can be explained by _____.

  1. the increased sensitivity of cones under low light conditions
  2. the increased acuity of cones under low light conditions
  3. the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
  4. the fact that cone functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
A
  1. the fact that rod functioning predominates during dark adaptation, resulting in poor acuity
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28
Q

The gray intersections in the Hermann Grid _____.

  1. are physically present
  2. are explained by dark adaptation
  3. support the claim that “perception is not the same as the physical stimulus”
  4. support the claim that what is learned in animals is not applicable to humans
A
  1. support the claim that “perception is not the same as the physical stimulus”
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29
Q

Most of the signals travel from the retina to the _____ via the optic nerve.

  1. temporal cortex
  2. lateral geniculate nucleus
  3. the superior colliculus
  4. the visual homunculus
A
  1. lateral geniculate nucleus
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30
Q

To measure _____, the experimenter decreases the intensity difference between the light bars and the dark bars until an observer can just barely detect the difference between the dark bars and the light bars.

  1. Mach bands
  2. contrast threshold
  3. phase continuity
  4. brightness constancy
A
  1. contrast threshold
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31
Q

Neurons in the _____ respond to complex stimuli, but not simple stimuli such as straight lines.

  1. LGN
  2. striate cortex
  3. IT cortex
  4. retina
A
  1. IT cortex
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32
Q

A stimulus that contains alternating black and white bars is called a _____.

  1. grating
  2. grid
  3. Boolean array
  4. Moire pattern
A
  1. grating
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33
Q

The _____ can be described as the electronic map of the retina on the cortex.

  1. visual map
  2. spatial map
  3. retinotopic map
  4. cortextual map
A
  1. retinotopic map
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34
Q

The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because _____.

  1. a small area in the peripheral retina accounts for a large area on the cortex
  2. the small area of the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex
  3. the lens accommodates so that the image is magnified on the retina
  4. the area at the optic disk accounts for a large area on the cortex
A
  1. the small area of the fovea accounts for a large area on the cortex
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35
Q

The brain imaging technique that creates images of structures in the brain, but cannot indicate
neural activity, is _____.

  1. fMRI
  2. Ablation
  3. PET scan
  4. MRI
A

4.MRI

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36
Q

Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as _____.

  1. hemispheric specialization
  2. bilateral dominance
  3. retinotopic disparity
  4. ocular dominance
A
  1. ocular dominance
37
Q

The brain imaging technique that tracks blood flow in the brain using magnetic fields is _____.

  1. fMRI
  2. ablation
  3. ERP
  4. PET scan
A
  1. fMRI
38
Q

Ablation is a procedure in which _____.

  1. a radioactive isotope is injected into the bloodstream and traced through the brain
  2. electrodes on the scalp are used to measure changes in brain activity
  3. a particular area of the brain is removed or destroyed
  4. an electromagnetic pulse is used to temporarily disrupt brain activity
A
  1. a particular area of the brain is removed or destroyed
39
Q

Object discrimination problem is to the _____ as a landmark discrimination problem is to the _____.

  1. temporal lobes; parietal lobes
  2. parietal lobes; temporal lobes
  3. parietal lobes; occipital lobes
  4. LGN; thalamus
A
  1. temporal lobes; parietal lobes
40
Q

A researcher finds that damage to Area A of the brain results in the loss of Function A, but notFunction B. In another individual, damage to Area B r esults in the loss of Function B, but not Function A. These results are best described as a(n) _____.

  1. associative link
  2. double dissociation
  3. single dissociation
  4. differential assessment
A
  1. double dissociation
41
Q

An area in the _____ called the _____ is specialized to recognize faces.

  1. temporal lobe; FFA
  2. occipital lobe; RBC
  3. parietal lobe; FFA
  4. parietal lobe; area 4H
A
  1. temporal lobe; FFA
42
Q

Prosopagnosia is _____.

  1. the difficulty in recognizing familiar faces
  2. due to damage to the parietal lobe
  3. due to damage to the MT cortex
  4. the inability to detect movement
A
  1. the difficulty in recognizing familiar faces
43
Q

The _____ effect occurs because humans have more cortical neurons that respond to horizontal and vertical orientations than slanted orientations

  1. oblique
  2. transverse
  3. parallel
  4. box
A
  1. oblique
44
Q

“Viewpoint invariance” means that _____.

  1. children can only represent one perceptual viewpoint at a time
  2. computers can invert images to easily perform object recognition
  3. humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints
  4. monkeys can only recognize other monkey faces from a frontal view
A
  1. humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints
45
Q

Current computer programs are able to identify some objects _____.

  1. and require only brief “training” on a few images
  2. and are considered remarkably successful
  3. but they perform only slightly above chance
  4. but they often make errors that a human would never make
A
  1. but they often make errors that a human would never make
46
Q

Structuralists would be most likely to endorse which of the following statements?

  1. Sensations and perceptions are the same “unit” of thought.
  2. The whole of something is greater than its parts.
  3. The starting point for perceptions is the sensations that make them up.
  4. Past experience plays little or no role in perception formation.
A
  1. The starting point for perceptions is the sensations that make them up.
47
Q

Gestalt psychologists used the example of illusory contours to support the claim that _____.

  1. perceptions are formed by combining sensations
  2. vision can be modeled on computer processing
  3. the whole is different than the sum of its parts
  4. experience determines perceptual interpretation
A
  1. he whole is different than the sum of its parts
48
Q

The principle of _____ can account for grouping of stimuli that share orientation, shape, and/or
size.

  1. segregation
  2. shape
  3. identity
  4. similarity
A
  1. similarity
49
Q

Corey looks at a flock of seagulls flying in one direction, when suddenly, five of the seagulls start flying in another direction. He now perceives two groups of birds, because of the Gestalt principle of _____.

  1. common fate
  2. uniform connectedness
  3. synchrony
  4. pragnanz
A
  1. common fate
50
Q

Alyson looks at a picture of arrows and sees white arrows pointing to the right against a black background. She looks at the picture longer, and then sees black arrows pointing to the left against a white background. Her perception of this stimulus is an example of _____.

  1. perceptual segregation
  2. binocular rivalry
  3. view invariance
  4. orientation invariance
A
  1. perceptual segregation
51
Q

The ability to recognize faces, including identifying expressions, is not fully developed until approximately _____.

  1. late infancy
  2. early childhood
  3. late childhood
  4. adolescence or early adulthood
A
  1. adolescence or early adulthood
52
Q

If two eyes receive totally different images and the brain can’t combine the two images, a condition called _____ results.

  1. delayed processing
  2. persistence of vision
  3. binocular rivalry
  4. visual masking
A
  1. binocular rivalry
53
Q
A
54
Q

Suppose you were to review dozens of photographs of various natural and manmade scenes on social media. You would expect that _____.

  1. horizontal and vertical orientations would be most common
  2. diagonal orientations would be most common
  3. the major environmental regularities would be incompatible with Gestalt principals
  4. environmental irregularities would be more salient than environmental regularities
A
  1. horizontal and vertical orientations would be most common
55
Q

Our ability to perceive movement when reading “message boards” that are used in advertising is based on _____.

  1. apparent movement
  2. movement aftereffects
  3. waterfall effects
  4. motion agnosia
A
  1. apparent movement
56
Q

Camouflage can be interpreted as a problem of _____.

  1. figure-ground segregation
  2. binocular disparity
  3. induced movement
  4. the waterfall illusion
A
  1. figure-ground segregation
57
Q

Brian looks at the moon and some clouds at night. He perceives the moon moving through the clouds. This is an example of _____.

  1. induced motion
  2. the stroboscopic effect
  3. the Reichardt effect
  4. the Shedlock effect
A
  1. induced motion
58
Q

Mira gently pushes on her eye with her finger. Because her eye muscles push against the force of her finger, which keeps the image in the same location, she perceives the visual scene_____.

  1. to be jiggling
  2. to be stationary
  3. to have exaggerated depth
  4. to be shrinking
A
  1. to be jiggling
59
Q

The _____ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.

  1. kinetic depth effect
  2. structure-from-motion phenomenon
  3. correspondence problem
  4. aperture problem
A
  1. aperture problem
60
Q

_____ is a technique that has been used to temporarily disturb brain area functioning in humans.

  1. Lesioning
  2. Ablation
  3. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
  4. Orbital magnetic gyration
A
  1. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
61
Q

Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in humans _____.

  1. increased the person’s ability to perceive biological motion
  2. decreased the person’s ability to perceive biological motion
  3. did not affect the person’s ability to perceive biological motion
  4. resulted in gender difference in perceiving biological motion
A
  1. decreased the person’s ability to perceive biological motion
62
Q

The basic colors in the color circle are _____.

  1. red, white, blue and green.
  2. black, white, and gray
  3. red, green, and blue
  4. red, green, blue, and yellow
A

red, green, blue, and yellow

63
Q

When you go to pick strawberries, you are easily able to separate the ripe red berries from the green foliage, the white blossoms and the green, still-forming berries. This has led to thesuggestion that _____.

  1. we need experience with the natural world in order to experience color vision
  2. the genes resulting in lack of color vision should have disappeared long ago
  3. color vision may have evolved for the express purpose of detecting fruit
  4. only herbivore species should have color vision
A
  1. color vision may have evolved for the express purpose of detecting fruit
64
Q

The reflectance curve for a purple piece of paper will reflect _____.

  1. short wavelengths
  2. long wavelengths only
  3. all wavelengths equally
  4. long and short wavelengths
A

4.long and short wavelengths

65
Q

The trichromatic theory of color vision is also known as the _____ theory.

  1. Seurat-Signac
  2. Hering
  3. Young-Helmholtz
  4. Young-Adhart
A

3.Young-Helmholtz

66
Q

The trichromatic theory of color vision states that color perception is due to _____.

  1. the pattern of activity in four different receptors mechanisms
  2. the activity pattern in the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortical lobes
  3. the pattern of activity in three different receptor mechanisms
  4. processing in layers 1,2, and 3 in the LGN
A

3.the pattern of activity in three different receptor mechanisms

67
Q

A.
B.
C.
D.
Question 72 of 95
The trichromatic theory of color vision states that color perception is due to _____.
Correct answer: C.
You chose: A.
the pattern of activity in four different receptors mechanisms
the activity pattern in the occipital, parietal, and temporal cortical lobes
the pattern of activity in three different receptor mechanisms
processing in layers 1,2, and 3 in the LGN
Points: 0 out of 1
Color matching experiments show that if a person with full color vision is given at least ____
wavelengths to mix together, the person can match any single wavelength.

2
3
4
5

A

3

68
Q

In order to distinguish between wavelengths independent of light intensity, one must have at least _____visual pigment(s).

1
2
3
4

A

2

69
Q

A monochromat experiences _____.

  1. black, white, and grays
  2. different shades of blue
  3. black, grays, and greens
  4. different shades of red
A
  1. black, white, and grays
70
Q

Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by red lights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone _____.

  1. chromatic adaptation
  2. re-adaption
  3. Isomerization
  4. corticalization
A
  1. chromatic adaptation
71
Q

Merrill watches his finger with both eyes as he brings it closer to his nose. As the finger gets closer, his eyes move inward and he feels his eye muscles working. Which depth cue(s) is/are associated with the changes made in the shape of the lens as he brings objects into focus?

  1. accommodation and convergence
  2. convergence and accretion
  3. accretion
  4. stereopsis
A
  1. accommodation and convergence
72
Q

Color constancy works best when _____.

  1. surrounding colors are masked
  2. chromatic adaptation occurs
  3. a color object is surrounded by one other color
  4. a color object is surrounded by many different colors
A
  1. a color object is surrounded by many different colors
73
Q

When your professor stands behind a podium, you perceive your professor as being further away than the podium because the podium blocks the vision of the professor’s body. This is an example of which depth cue?

  1. relative height
  2. convergence
  3. occlusion
  4. accommodation
A
  1. occlusion
74
Q

Vinod is standing on a rooftop in a city. The buildings closer to him look sharper, and the buildings in the distance look hazier. This is an example of which depth cue?

  1. atmospheric perspective
  2. occlusion
  3. relative size
  4. shadowing
A
  1. atmospheric perspective
75
Q

Motion parallax _____.

  1. is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games
  2. is an important depth cue for amphibians, but not mammals
  3. occurs when near objects are perceived as moving slower than distant objects
  4. has not proven to be an effective cue for robot vision
A
  1. is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games
76
Q

When you put your 3-D glasses on at a movie, the lenses separate the two overlapping images so that each eye only receives one of the images. Today, the image separation is most often achieved by using _____ light.

  1. disparate
  2. alternative-source
  3. displaced
  4. polarized
A
  1. polarized
77
Q

___ is a term used to describe conditions in which movements between the two eyes are not coordinated.

  1. Strabismus
  2. Macular degeneration
  3. Ciliary disjunctive disorder
  4. Oculomotor instability
A
  1. Strabismus
78
Q

What method is used to study the neural activity of the brain?

  1. EEG
  2. EOG
  3. ECG
  4. XRAY
A
  1. EEG
79
Q

An insect is most likely to use _____ to perceive depth.

  1. atmospheric perspective
  2. movement parallax
  3. size information
  4. binocular disparity
A
  1. movement parallax
80
Q

The eye movements that occur as the observer shifts his/her gaze from one part of the visual
scene to another are called _____ eye movements.

  1. pursuit
  2. magnified
  3. Saccadic
  4. Aperature
A
  1. Saccadic
81
Q

While __________________ refers to the functioning of our sensory systems,__________________ involves the interpretation of that input, giving it meaning and organization.

  1. sensation; perception
  2. perception; sensation
  3. cognition; sensation
  4. cognition; perception
A
  1. sensation; perception
82
Q

“Data-driven processing” is also known as:

  1. bottom-up processing
  2. empirical processing
  3. conceptually driven processing
  4. top-down processing
A
  1. bottom-up processing
83
Q

At the blind spot on the retina, there are:

  1. rods, but no cones
  2. cones, but no rods
  3. both rods and cones
  4. neither rods nor cones
A
  1. neither rods nor cones
84
Q

If you close your left eye and view a picture with only your right eye, information will be projected:

  1. to only your left hemisphere
  2. to only your right hemisphere
  3. to both your left and your right hemisphere
  4. to neither hemisphere
A
  1. to both your left and your right hemisphere
85
Q

The group of psychologists that sought to explain perception by focusing on individual elements was the:

  1. structuralists
  2. nativists
  3. behaviorists
  4. empiricists
A
  1. structuralists
86
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

  1. Our lightness judgment of Object A is independent of other objects in the scene.
  2. Our lightness judgment of Object A is dependent uponother objects that are similar to Object A, even if they are not adjacent to Object A.
  3. Our lightness judgment of Object A is dependent upo other objects that are similar to Object A, but only if they are adjacent to Object A.
  4. Our lightness judgment of Object A is dependent uponother objects that are similar to Object A, but only if theyare nonadjacent to Object A.
A

b Our lightness judgment of Object A is dependent upon
other objects that are similar to Object A, even if they are not adjacent to
Object A.

87
Q

Cases of blind individuals who have acquired the ability to see later in life indicate that:

  1. experience plays little role in visual perception
  2. basic visual abilities are able to be acquired but complex visual tasks cannot be
  3. color perception develops quickly but face perception takesmore time to learn
  4. both A and B
A
  1. color perception develops quickly but face perception takes
    more time to learn
88
Q

Your left hemisphere receives information from:

  1. just the left visual field
  2. just the right visual field
  3. just the left-half of each eye
  4. just the right eye
A
  1. just the right visual field

Perseption (12 decks)

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