bias (gender, cultural)✅

Question 1

⭐︎ GENDER BIAS ⭐︎

what is universality?

what is gender bias?

what is androcentricism?

Answer 1

• underlying characteristic of humans thats capable of being applied to all, despite differences of upbringing and experiences
• psychological research or theory may offer a view that doesn’t justifiably represent the experience and behav. of men and women
• ‘normal’ behaviour is based on the male standard, leading to women’s behaviour appearing to be abnormal

Question 2

⭐︎ GENDER BIAS ⭐︎

whats alpha bias?

what is beta bias?

Answer 2

• exaggerates gender differences

- minimises gender differences

Question 3

⭐︎ GENDER BIAS ⭐︎ - androcentriscism:

what is it?

what disorder do feminist commentators discuss?

what do critics claim?

what is male anger a response too?

Answer 3

• male centred approach, normal behaviour is decided by male standards so any female behaviour is seen as abnormal
• pre menstrual syndrome (PMS) → they claim tight PMS is characterised on the basis of trivialising experiences.
• critics claim PMS is a social constructs, which medicalises human emotion such as anger, explaining these in hormones terms
• male anger is a rational response to external pressures

Question 4

⭐︎ GENDER BIAS ⭐︎ AO3:

✅ 2 strengths

Answer 4

✅ a lack of women at senior research level means females concerns may not be heard and reflected in the researchers questions asked, male researchers are more likely to have their work published - increases the internal validity of alpha bias

✅ gender biased research may create misleading assumptions about female behaviour, fails to challenge negative stereotypes and validates discriminatory practise - it may provide scientific justification to deny women opportunities within the workplace - increase external validity of gender bias

Question 5

⭐︎ CULTURE BIAS ⭐︎

definition?

what is ethnocentrism?

what can ethnocentrism lead too?

Answer 5

• ignoring cultural differences and interpreting everything through the eyes of one culture
• judging other cultures by the standards and values of one culture
• discrimination. and prejudice towards other cultures, any behav. that doesn’t conform to this is seen as underdeveloped

Question 6

⭐︎ CULTURE BIAS ⭐︎ - cultural relativism:

definition?

who looked at emic and etic?

what does etic mean?

what does emic mean?

Answer 6

• idea that norms, values and more standards can only be meaningful in specific social and cultural contexts
• berry
• etic = looks at behaviour from the outside of a given culture, and attempts to find trends that can be generalised, universal behaviours
• emic = functions within certain cultures, aiming to identify behaviours relative to to that culture

Question 7

⭐︎ CULTURE BIAS ⭐︎ AO3:

✅ strength?

❌ weakness?

Answer 7

✅ when conducting research in western cultures the ppts familiarity with the general aims and objectives of scientific enquiry is assumed - increases the internal validity

❌ different cultures have different variables that they may have not have been experienced in the same way, issues like these may affect interactions between the researcher and ppts or between western and non- western ppts in cross cultural studies - validity of cross cultural research can be questioned

Question 8

(culture bias)

what is imposed etic?

Answer 8

A lot of research in psychology is guilty of imposed etic, assuming that findings from a study in one culture can be applied and generalised universally, when in fact they are only relative to the culture in which they were studied (Ainsworth)