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Neuro - Physiology 2: (PHY501) > Structure of the Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure of the Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is rostral?

A

→ Towards the front

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2
Q

What is caudal?

A

→ towards the back

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3
Q

Why do humans have a curve between dorsal and ventral?

A

→ we are bipedal

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4
Q

Where are humans symmetrical?

A

→ towards the midline

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5
Q

What do you call two things on the same side of the mid line?

A

→ ipsilateral

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6
Q

What do you call two things opposite of the midline?

A

→ Contralateral

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7
Q

What are two ways of describing a neuron projecting from the thalamus to the cortex?

A

→Thalamic efferent

→ Cortical afferent

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8
Q

What does an afferent describe?

A

→ Where the neuron is projecting to

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9
Q

What does an efferent describe?

A

→ Where a neuron is projecting from

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10
Q

What are your eyes in reference to your nose?

A

→ Lateral

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11
Q

What do afferent sensory fibres do?

A

→ Take sensory information from the periphery to the brain

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12
Q

What do efferent motor fibres do?

A

→ Motor instructions from the brain to the periphery

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13
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A 
→ Olfactory I
→ Optic II
→ Oculomotor III 
→ Trochlear IV
→ Trigeminal V
→ Abducens VI
→ Facial VII
→ Vestibulocochlear VIII
→ Glossopharyngeal IX
→ Vagus X
→Accessory XI
→ Hypoglossal XII
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14
Q

What type of nerves are the cranial nerves?

A 
→ Sensory 
→ Sensory 
→ Motor
→ both
→ Motor
→ Both
→ Sensory 
→ both
→ both
→ motor
→ motor
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15
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve project and what do they do?

A

→ Olfactory cortex - perception of smell
→ Hypothalamus - emotional aspects of smell
→ Amygdala
→ Hippocampus - odour memory

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16
Q

Where does the optic nerve project?

A 
Retinal ganglion cells 
              ↓
Lateral geniculate nucleus 
              ↓
visual cortex (occipital lobe)
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17
Q

What type of innervation does the oculomotor nerve have and what do they do?

A

→ Motor - eyeball and eyelid movement

→ Parasympathetic - pupillary constriction and accomodation

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18
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do and what type of nerrve is it?

A

→ eyeball movement

→ motor

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19
Q

What type of nerve is the abducens and what does it do?

A

→ Eyeball movement

→ motor

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20
Q

What mediates up and down eye movement and what muscles are used?

A

→ CN III (oculomotor)

→ superior and inferior rectus muscles

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21
Q

What nerve and muscle mediates lateral eye movement?

A

→ CN III

→ Medial rectus

22
Q

What nerve and muscle mediates diagonal downward movement?

A

→ CN III

→ Inferior oblique

23
Q

What nerve mediates inward eye movement and what muscle is used?

A

→ CN IV (trochlear)

→ Superior oblique

24
Q

What nerve mediates lateral eye movement and what muscle is used?

A

→ CN VI (abducens)

→ Lateral rectus

25
Q

What are palpebrae muscles controlled by?

A

→ CN II

26
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

→ Opthalmic
→ Mandibular
→ Maxillary

27
Q

Where is sensory information transmitted to in the trigeminal nerve?

A

→ From the periphery down the trigeminal efferent to the somatosensory cortex

28
Q

What types of axons does the facial nerve have and what are their functions?

A

→ Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
→ Motor - muscles of facial expression & stapedius muscle
→ Parasympathetic - salivary lands, lacrimal glands, glands of the nose and palate

29
Q

What type axon does the vestibulocochlear nerve have?

A

→ Sensory

30
Q

What are the functions and pathways of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A 
Hearing 
cochlea cells 
      ↓
medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) 
      ↓ 
auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
Balance 
vestibular hair cells 
      ↓
Ventral posterolateral nucleus 
      ↓
Vestibular cortex (temporal lobe)
31
Q

What types of axons does the glossopharyngeal nerve have and what are their functions?

A

→ Sensory - pharynx, auditory tube in the middle ear, posterior third of the tongue, blood pressure changes in the aorta
→motor - swallowing
→ parasympathetic - salivary glands

32
Q

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve and what are the functions?

A

→ Sensory - sensation of pain associated with viscera
→Motor - muscles for speech and swallowing
→ Parasympathetic - smooth muscle in : heart, lungs and abdominal organs

33
Q

What type of axon does the accessory nerve have and what does it control?

A

→ Motor
→ Cranial : muscles of pharynx, larynx and soft palate

→ Spinal : head and neck muscles

34
Q

What type of axon does the hypoglossal nerve have and what does it do?

A

→ Motor

→ Tongue for movement, swallowing and speedch

35
Q

What are the three membranes in the skull?

A

→ Dura mater
→ Arachnoid membrane
→ Pia mater

36
Q

What is the dura mater like?

A

→ tough and inelastic

37
Q

What does the arachnoid membrane do?

A

→ Adheres layers together

38
Q

What is the pia mater like and what does it do?

A

→ thin membrane

→ adheres closely to the brain

39
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

→ CSF

40
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

→ in the choroid plexus

41
Q

Where does CSF go to and from?

A

→ Flows from the cerebrum ventricles down to the brainstem and spinal cord

42
Q

Where does the CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

A

→ Via apertures near the cerebellum

43
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

→ by blood vessels in the subarachnoid space

44
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

→ to protect the brain from chemical and physical injury
→ regulates intracranial pressure
→ exchanging nutrients and waste products between blood and CNS

45
Q

What is happening when someone is coding?

A

→ Intracranial pressure is so high that the brain has been pushed downwards into the brainstem

46
Q

What arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

→ Vertebral arteries and carotid arteries

47
Q

What structure to the arteries of the brain form and what kind of flow is there?

A

→ Circle of willis

→ turbulent flow

48
Q

What is the lateral surface of the cerebrum supplied by?

A

→ Middle cerebral artery

49
Q

What is most of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere supplied by?

A

→ anterior cerebral artery

50
Q

What does the lymphatic system in the brain do and where is it?

A

→ within the dura mater

→ Delivers immune cells

Neuro - Physiology 2: (PHY501) (21 decks)

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