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Pathophysiology III > Block I: CV IV > Flashcards

Block I: CV IV Flashcards

1
Q

[] are large vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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2
Q

arteries have [thicker/thinner] walls than veins

A

thicker

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3
Q

what carries blood away from the heart but is smaller than an artery

A

arteriole

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4
Q

[] is the point where veins and arteries mix

A

capillaries

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5
Q

[] is smalller than an vein and carries blood to the heart

A

venule

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6
Q

[] is a large vessel carrying blood to the heart

A

veins

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7
Q

describe the order of different vessels that blood may travel through

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
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8
Q

[] is systemic circulation that supplies the skin and extremities

A

peripheral vascular system

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9
Q

[] is the open passageway for blood

A

lumen

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10
Q

[] is the innermost layer of BVs and is comprised of squamous endothelium, epithelium, CT, basement membrane

A

tunica intima

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11
Q

[] is the middle layer of BV is comprised of smooth fibers with an elastic fibers

A

tunica media

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12
Q

[] is the outermost layer of BVs with nerves and lymphatic vessels

A

tunica externa

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13
Q

[] is the growth of new vessels that branch from existing small vessels

A

angiogenesis

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14
Q

[] is growth brancing from larger vessels

A

ateriogenesis

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15
Q

[] is growth of vessels from proginator/stem like cells that originate in bone marrrow and other body tissues

A

vasculogenesis

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16
Q

why is growing new BV important?

A
  1. wound healing

2. can permit tumor growth

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17
Q

name an elastic artery

A

aorta & branches

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18
Q

what are some characteristics of elastic arteries

A
  1. more elastic fibers than smooth muscle
  2. absorb energy during contraction
  3. stretch when blood is ejected in systole
  4. promote recoil in diastole
  5. high pressure in aorta req. elasticity
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19
Q

describe some characteristics of muscular arteries

A
  1. further from heart
  2. fewer elastic fibers, more muscle
  3. can contract & relax
  4. DIRECT blood flow to tissues with greatest demand
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20
Q

what kind of arteries are assoc. with directing blood flow to tissues with greatest demand

A

muscular arteries

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21
Q

[] are almost exclusively smooth muscle and control blood flow into capillaries via vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

arterioles

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22
Q

[] are connective channels in arterioles that connect and arteriole to a capillarily.

A

metarterioles

d/c smooth muscle (capillaries have NO smooth muscle cells)

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23
Q

[] is a ring of smooth muscle that controls blood flow through capillaries

A

precapillary sphincter

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24
Q

[] is a layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane

A

capillaries

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25
Q

what are some ways substances can move out of capillaries

A
  1. junctions between endothelial cells
  2. fenestrations
  3. vesicles via. active transport
  4. diffusion
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26
Q

what controls blood flow into capillary beds

A

contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle bands (precapillary sphincter) at junctions between metarterioles and capillaries

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27
Q

where are precapillary spincters located

A

junctions between metarterioles & capillaries

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28
Q

what are some important roles for the BV endothelium

A
  1. transport substances
  2. coagulation
  3. antithrombogenesis & fibrinolysis
  4. immune system function
  5. tissue growth & wound healing
  6. vasomotion (contraction/dilation)
  7. synthesis and release of vasoactive chemicals
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29
Q

platelet derived factors & shear stress cause endothelium dependent vasodilation through activation of []

A

NOS

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30
Q

arachidonic acid causes []vadoconstriction/dilation]

A

constriction

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31
Q

NO causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]

A

dilation

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32
Q

thromboxane A2 causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]

A

constriction

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33
Q

endothelin causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]

A

constriction

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34
Q

angiotensin II causes [vasodilation/constriction]

A

constriction

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35
Q

bradykinin causes [vasoconstriction/dilation]

A

constrictoin

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36
Q

[] are BVs that are thin walled. fibrous, and have a large diameter

A

veins

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37
Q

what is more numerous- veins or arteries?

A

veins

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38
Q

which BVs have valves

A

veins

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39
Q

describe the muscle pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscle compresses deep veins of the legs and pushes blood back to the heart

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40
Q

[] is the amount of blood per unit of time

A

blood flow

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41
Q

what are some factors that affect blood flow

A
  1. resistance
  2. viscosity
  3. velocity
  4. pressure
  5. direction of flow (trubulent/laminar)
  6. compliance
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42
Q

what two BV factors contribute to resistance

A
  1. diameter** biggest effect (R^4)

2. length

43
Q

describe poiseuille’s lae

A

the greater the resistance, the lower the blood flow

44
Q

[] is the resistance of flow within entire systemic ciruculatory system

A

total peripheral resistance

primarily function of diamter of all arterioles

45
Q

what does TPR depend on

A
  1. combined length and radii of all vessels
46
Q

arteries supply tissues and organs in [] circuits

A

parallel

47
Q

arteriole pressure remains fairly constant over wide range of physiologic conditions in order to []

A

maintain perfusion

changes like body position & muscular activity

48
Q

extreme low arteriole pressure can lead to

A

hypoxia/ischemia, not enough pressure to pefuse tissue

49
Q

extremely high arteriole pressure poses a risk for []

A

stroke, organ damage

50
Q

[] is the average pressure in arteries throughout cardiac cycle

A

MEan arterial pressure

51
Q

MAP depends on what 2 things

A
  1. elastic properties of arteries

2. mean vol. of blood in arterial system

52
Q

how is MAP calculated

A

MAP= DBP + (1/3x pulse pressure)

53
Q

[] is the difference between SBP and DBP a

A

pulse pressures

54
Q

pusle pressures are directly related to []

A

arterial wall stiffness and stroke volume

55
Q

what is the equation for pulse pressure

A

PP= SBP - DBP

56
Q

what are some neural control mechanisms of PR

A
  1. baroreceptors
  2. arterial receptors
  3. hyperemia
  4. hormones
57
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

58
Q

what is the role of baroreceptors

A
  1. reduce BP to normal by decreasing CO and PO ( can also increase BP if needed) via parasympathetic or sympathetic OR BVs can be constricted or dilated
59
Q

what is the role of arterial receptors?

A

chemoreceptors

sensitive to oxygen, CO2, and pH

help regulate BP

60
Q

what are chemo, arterial receptors sensitive to

A
  1. oxygen
  2. CO2
  3. pH
61
Q

where are arterial/chemo receptors located

A
  1. medulla oblongata

2. carotid & aortic bodies

62
Q

what is the role arterial/chemo receptors

A

detect changes in levels of blood oxygen, CO2, pH

AP conducted to medulla

vasomotor center can cause vasoconstrictoin or dilation of BV by sympathetic system

carioregulatory center can cause changes in pumping activity of heartthrough parasympethetic or sympathetic means

63
Q

what is the role of the vasomotor center

A

cause constriction of dilation of BV via sympathetic system

64
Q

what is the role of the cardioregulatory system

A

cause changes in pumping of heart through parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

65
Q

what is hyperemia

A

excess blood in vessels

increased flow from increased metabolic activity of heart, skeletal muscle or other organ

66
Q

what can cause hyperemia

A

exercise

67
Q

what is reactive hyperemia

A

vasodilation to restore blood flow after a period of tissue ischemia

can cause reperfusion injury can cause injury

68
Q

Epi and NE cause [] of BVs

A

vasoconstriction

69
Q

what effect does ADH have on BP

A

increased blood volume reabsorbtion Na and water in distrule tubule and collecting duct

70
Q

what role does EPi and NE have on BP

A

cases vasoconstriction

71
Q

aldosterone is released during [] system and causes reabsorbtion of [] to [] blood volume and stimulate thirst

A
  1. RAAS
  2. Na, Cl, water
  3. increase
72
Q

what is the role of naturetic peptides

A

loss of Na, Cl, watter through efffects of kidney function

-decreases BV

73
Q

what effect does adrenomedullin have on CV system

A

powerful vasodilatiion

74
Q

what effect does prostaglandins have on CVS

A

dilation

75
Q

what are 2 endothelium derived relaxing, dilating factors

A
  1. NO

2. prostaglandins

76
Q

[] is the pressure exeted on the walls of veins by circulating blodo

A

venous pressure

77
Q

what are the main determinants of venous pressure

A
  1. volume fluid in veins

2. compliance of vessel walls

78
Q

what are two mechanisms that affect venous pressure

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump
  2. respiratory pumps

increase pressure in veins, increase movement to heart

79
Q

[] is the distance blood travels per unit time

A

velocity

80
Q

[] describes how thick fluids move more slowly and cause greater resistance to flow than thin fluids

A

viscosiry

81
Q

what value reveals blood viscosoty

A

hematocrit

82
Q

a high hematocrit [] blood flow through BVs

A

reduces, due to increase in velocity

83
Q

describe laminar flow

A
  1. straight flow
    - increased speed

*concentric circles with innermost moving the quickest

84
Q

turbulent flow

A

blood flows in every which direction, occurs with an obstruction

85
Q

turbulent flow can produce a []

A

murmur

86
Q

[] describes how an increase in volume can accommodate for a given increase in pressure

A

compliance

87
Q

[] is the oppostie of compliance

A

stiff

88
Q

veins are [more/less] compliant than arteries

A

more

89
Q

elstastic arteroes are [more/less] compliant than muscular

A

more

90
Q

[] is the difference between pressure in aorta and pressure in coronary vessels

A

coronary perfusion pressure

91
Q

coronary perfusion pressure determines []

A

ability of body to perfuse heart

92
Q

describe autoregulation

A

ability of organ to regulate blood flow by altering resistance in its arterioles

autonomic self regulation, esp. in coronary arteries maintains optimal perfusion and pressure despite systolic effects

93
Q

[] stores oxygen in the heart for systolic phase

A

myoglobin

94
Q

describe the systolic effect

A

blood flows into coronary arteries during diastole (NOT systole)

  • systole cusps of aortic semiulunar valves BLOCK openings of coronary arteries
  • systolic contractions inhibits coronary artery flow by compressing coronary arties
95
Q

at what point in the cardiac cycle is blood delivered to the heart via coronary arteries?

A

during diastole.

openings of aorta that allow blood into coronary arteries are CLOSED during systole.

myoglobin stores extra oxygen for heart to function during systole

96
Q

lymph system picks up excess fluid and returns it to the [] system

A

venous

97
Q

[] moves lymphocytes and leukocytes between components of immune system

A

lymph system

98
Q

[] transports lipids, hormones, and cytokines along with immune mediators

A

lymph

99
Q

doe lymph vessels have vales?

A

yes

100
Q

what is the primary protein in lymph

A

albumin

101
Q

both the R lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct drain into the []

A

subclavian

102
Q

[] vessels travel to nodes, while [] vessels travel away

A
  1. afferent

2. efferent

103
Q

what happens inside lymph nodes

A

phagocytosis of foreign substances

-lymphocytes search to antigens that may illicit a response

Pathophysiology III (5 decks)

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