Midterm 1 Unit 1

Question 1

what proteins and cells make up the innate and acquired immune system?

Answer 1

Humoral cells and proteins

Question 2

What are the two ways the immune system is regulated to ensure an appropriate response to a pathogen?

Answer 2

The immune system is regulated by self-regulation and the neuroendocrine system to allow for the correct response to a pathogen and maintain homeostasis

Question 3

sensitization to an environmental antigen causes?

Answer 3

allergy

Question 4

sensitization to a self-antigen cause?

Answer 4

autoimmune disorder

Question 5

In what way is the immune system acting as a sensory sense (explain how the immune system is able to alert the CNS of a pathogen)

Answer 5

The immune cells detect a pathogen and will release an immune signal like a cytokine and neuropeptide. The neuropeptide binds to the respected neural cell. The binding to the neural cell activates the neural cell and sends the signal to the CNS that there is a pathogen. The CNS will release an endocrine signal and a neural signal, this is known as the neuroendocrine-immune axis

Question 6

List 3 of the ways that we are able to provide physiological or physical protection against pathogens.

Answer 6

1. Low pH
2. Low O2
3. Sloughing off non-viable epithelial cells
4. Mucosal flow from the skin
5. Increase body temperature
6. Physical processes such as vomiting, diarrhea and intestinal peristalsis
7. Colonization of the commensal microbes

Question 7

What happens if the physiological and physical barriers are broken through?

Answer 7

The innate immune system will be activated

Question 8

What arm of the immune system causes an inflammatory response?

Answer 8

The innate immune system

Question 9

What triggers the innate immune system to have an inflammatory response?

Answer 9

When the innate immune system is triggered by danger signals

Question 10

How is a danger signal detected by the innate immune system?

Answer 10

The pattern recognition receptors on the cell membrane detect/recognize the microbe-associated membrane pattern or the host alarm signal from a damaged host cell

Question 11

What limits the specificity of the innate immune system?

Answer 11

The innate immune system does not have immunological memory and thus can’t remember a pathogen and enhance its specificity. The innate immune system can only do PRR

Question 12

What occurs if the infection becomes systematic?

Answer 12

if the inflammatory response by the innate immune system is not able to stop the pathogen what happens is it becomes systematic and is able to spread over the body, becoming systematic. The spreading will lead to Systematic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, which can lead to sepsis

Question 13

How does long-term immunity occur? Explain the process.

Answer 13

Long-term immunity occurs via the acquired immune system which can be highly specific. The acquired immune system will act on microbial proteins (antigens) in the form of immunoglobulins (BCR on B-lymphocytes) or B cell antibodies like plasma cells or (TCR of T-lymphocytes) T cells.

The acquired immune system will respond with an antibody medicated immune response for an extracellular pathogen or an cellular mediated immune response for an
intracellular pathogen.

Question 14

What immune response occurs for an extracellular pathogen?

Answer 14

antibody-mediated immune response

Question 15

What immune response occurs for an intracellular pathogen?

Answer 15

cell-mediated immune response

Question 16

Which immune response is quicker and the first one?

Answer 16

Innate immune response the acquired immune response can take days or months

Question 17

How come we require the innate immune response, the inflammatory response, for the acquired immune response?

Answer 17

We require a sufficient amount of inflammation to activate the sentential cells

Question 18

is the innate immune system often sufficient to control and eliminate the invading pathogens?

Answer 18

Yes the innate immune system is able to provide protection and eliminate protection

Question 19

With more exposure to an antigen what happens in the acquired immune response?

Answer 19

With a greater amount of exposure to an antigen, the acquired immune system becomes better at recognizing an invading pathogen and is able to provide a higher level of protection.

Question 20

What is the resolution phase?

Answer 20

The resolution phase is the phase of the immune system which allows for the remodeling and repairing of tissue damaged during the infection or trauma

Question 21

What is an alarmin?

Answer 21

Alarmins are host alarm signals.

Question 22

What activated that allowed for the acquired immune system to be functional?

Answer 22

The activation of recombination activation genes 1 and recombination of activation genes 2

Question 23

What do RAG1 and RAG2 produce?

Answer 23

RAG1 and RAG2 produce enzymes that mediate the first step of BCR and TCR gene recombination that occurred after a somatic mutation that causes adaptive changes to allow the receptors of the B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes to recognize a mutating pathogen

Question 24

what are the steps in the essential features of acquired immune response?

Answer 24

1. phagocytosis of the microbe
2. processing the microbe proteins into peptides
3. move the microbe peptides from the site of infection to the secondary lymphoid tissue
4. upregulate the receptors called major histocompatibility molecule complex which is loaded with microbial peptides
5. antigen-presenting of the major hemocompatibility complex molecules to the BCR of the B cells and the TCR of the T cells

The antigen-presenting allows the BCR and TCR to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells required for immune systems

Question 25

what cell acts as the antigen-presenting cell in an antibody-mediated immune response (extracellular pathogen)

Answer 25

innate immune cells

Question 26

what is a somatic mutation?

Answer 26

A DNA mutation that occurs but is NOT passed onto the offspring

Question 27

how could RAG1 and RAG2 develop?

Answer 27

Through a mutated retroviral insert that was incorporated into the genome later on.

Question 28

Provide an example of how the innate and acquired immune system are not mutually exclusive?

Answer 28

1. The innate immune cells act as the antigen-presenting cells in the antibody immune response to expose the antigen-specific T cells