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Histopathology > Introductory Embryology, Oral-Facial Development And Associated Developmental Anomalies > Flashcards

Introductory Embryology, Oral-Facial Development And Associated Developmental Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of human development:

A

Proliferation Period (0-3 weeks)
 Embryonic Period (3-8 weeks)
 Fetal Development Period
(9 weeks to term)

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2
Q

Fertilization of

ovum yields?

A

zygote

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3
Q

Mitotic cleavage

of zygote forms?

A

blastomere

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4
Q

≥ 32 Blastomeres

is called a?

A

morula

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5
Q

The 64 cell stage

morula develops? referred to as?

A

internal blastocystic
cavity and thereafter
is referred to as a
blastocyst

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6
Q

embryoblast

A

The blastocyst also develops an inner cell mass at days 6-7

and thereafter is referred to as the embryoblast.

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7
Q

implantation, structure that accomplsihes it? occurs when?

A

Implantation of the embryoblast in the uterine wall begins
at day 4 and is complete at day 10. accomplished with syncytiotrophoblasts projections of blastocyst. will slowly move deeper into uterine wall.

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8
Q

inner cell mass of the embryoblast becomes?

A

bilaminar embryonic disc

two layers

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9
Q

outer cell mass of the embryoblast becomes?

A 
Outer cell mass 
becomes the
cytotrophoblast 
& syntrophoblast
layers which are 
precursor to the
placenta
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10
Q

layers of bilaminar embryotic disc

A

epiblast: meso/ectoderm
hypoblast: endoderm

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11
Q

structures associated with the bilaminar embryotic disc

A 
Epiblast Layer 
• Hypoblast Layer 
• Amniotic Cavity 
• Blastocyst Cavity (yolk sac)
• Syntrophoblasts
• Cytotrophobasts
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12
Q

Heuser’s membrane-formation and purpose (new term?)

A

formed by enlargement of the amniotic cavity and migration
of cells out of the hypoblast
Heuser’s membrane will form the
internal lining of the blastocyst cavity – now called the yolk sac

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13
Q

cell layers and embryotic cavities of the embryoblast

A 
cell layers: 
Epiblast
 Embryonic mesoderm
 Hypoblast
embryonic cavities: 
 Amniotic
 Yolk sac
 Chorionic
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14
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar

embryonic disc is characterized by formation of what structures?

A

Primitive Streak
Notochord
Neural tube
AND the 3 germ layers (ecto formerly the epiblast and endo formerly the hypoblast)

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15
Q

portions of primitive streak (gives rise to? order?)

A

Primitive Streak>
Notochord>
>Neural Tube
(in this order)

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16
Q

the primitive node will give rise to?

A

notochord

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17
Q

notochord formation, when it occurs

A

Primitive node → Notochordal Process → Notochord
• Pre-notochordal cells invaginate within the primitive
node and migrate towards the cephalad until the
reach the prechordal plate. They detach themselves
from the ectodermal layer to line within the
mesoderm forming the notochord.
completed by week 3: proliferation period

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18
Q

notochrod functions

A

• The notochord functions as a primitive skeletal support of the
embryo around which the axial skeleton later forms. establishes symmetry and polarity of development
• The notochord also induces formation of somites, the precursors
of the vertebral column, ribs, associated back muscles and
overlying dermis.

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19
Q

notochord formed by?

A

ectodermal cells derived from the primitive node. The cells then migrate
within the mesodermal layer
to their appropriate midline
position.

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20
Q

different mesoderms formed in development

A 
• Paraxial 
Mesoderm (central) 
• Intermediate 
Mesoderm (between) 
• Lateral Plate 
Mesoderm (more lateral) 
 Parietal 
 Visceral
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21
Q

derivatives of the different mesoderms

A

• Paraxial mesoderm → somites (stimulated by notochord)
• Intermediate mesoderm →urogenital system
• Lateral plate mesoderm:
Parietal mesoderm → mesothelial (serous)
membranes that cover the peritoneal, pleural
and pericardial cavities.
Visceral mesoderm → forms the thin serous
membranes that cover individual organs,
e.g., stomach, pancreas, spleen, etc.

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22
Q

derivatives of ectoderm

A 
• Epidermis, hair and nails
• Epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities 
and paranasal sinuses 
• Salivary and endocrine glands
• Nervous system
• Tooth enamel
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23
Q

derivatives of endoderm

A

• GI tract epithelium and associated glands

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24
Q

development of neural tube with diagram

A

epiblast layer above notochord will fold to from the neural groove, tips of the waves=neural crest cells. neural crest cells join with continued folding and migrate towards the sides and form various structures (dorsal root ganglia, etc.). joining of the fold also produces the neural tube.

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25
Q

Neural Tube Related Developmental Defects

A

Spina Bifida, Meningocele, Meningomyelocele, Meningoencephalocele, Anencephaly

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26
Q

Spina Bifida cause (deficiency in?)

A

folic acid deficiency

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27
Q

Meningocele cause

A

extrusion of dura and arachnoid mater

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28
Q

Meningomyelocele cause

A

extrusion of neural tissue plus all three meninges

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29
Q

Meningoencephalocele cause

A

extrustion of a ventricular cistern plus neural tissue

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30
Q

Anencephaly

A

fatal defect characterized by lack of development of

the cranium and brain

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31
Q

The clinical consequences of a defect in neural tube closure (range)

A

mild to fatal

mild: Spina bifida and meningocele
severe: meningomyelocele and meningohydroencephalocele
fatal: Anencephaly

32
Q

cavities developed along with the bilaminar cell layer

A

amniotic cavity: above epiblast

yolk sac: below hypoblast

33
Q

what cavity forms once the embryoblast embeds in the uterine wall?

A

Chorionic cavity, envelopes entire blastocyst

34
Q

which cell layer does the primitive streak give rise to?

A

mesoderm, will give rise to notochord and eventually somites

35
Q

what stimulates the neural tube formation?

A

notochord

36
Q

neural crest cells form? depends on?

A

form various structures based on where they form in relation to the neural tube.

37
Q

additional name for neural crest cells

A

Ectomesenchyme

Neuroectoderm

38
Q

pharyngeal arches formed when? purpose?

A

formed around day 28, will give rise to all structures above the shoulders

39
Q

content of pharyngeal arch

A

blood vessel, cranial nerve “each can innervate its own body structure) and sometimes its own cartilage

40
Q

pharyngeal pouch (cleft)

A

where two arches meet, pouch is inside cleft is outside

41
Q

1st branchial groove becomes?

A

ext auditory canal

42
Q

1st brachchial pouch become?

A

eustachian tube

43
Q

2nd branchial pouch becomes?

A

⇒ palatine tonsils

44
Q

3rd branchial pouch becomes?

A

⇒ inferior parathyroids/thymus

45
Q

4th branchial pouch becomes?

A

⇒ superior parathyroids/ultimobranchial body

46
Q

head size between month 3-9

A

remains relatively same size but body will grow

47
Q

processes making the face (diagram)

A

will all mash together to form face

48
Q

facial clefts

A

result of the failure of processes to join in facial development (various kinds)

49
Q

cleft palate

A

failure of the palate to join in the development, the tongue may fail to descend/ nassal septum doesn’t get out of way for the palatal shelves to join.

50
Q

primary palate, failure to form?

A

palate from lateral incisor to other lateral incisors, failure to join can lead to cleft lip.

51
Q

Defective fusion of the medial nasal process with the maxillary
process results in? fusion usually occurs when?

A

cleft lip, fusion typically at 5-6 weeks

52
Q

Defective fusion of the palatine shelves results in? typical fusion time?

A

cleft palate, Fusion of the palatine shelves normally begins during the 8th
week of gestation and is completed by the 12th week.

53
Q

cleft palate, lip and both cases prevalence.

A
  • 45% of all clefts are combined cleft lip/cleft palate.
  • 30% of cases are isolated cleft palate.
  • 25% of cases are isolated cleft lip.
54
Q

The incidence of cleft lip/cleft palate demographics

A

• 1 in 500 births in Chinese, Japanese and Native
American populations
• 1 in 700 births in Caucasian populations
• 1 in 500 births in Afro-American populations

55
Q

incidence of cleft overall and genetics (siblings)?

A

• The incidence of cleft palate alone is 1 in 2,500
births.
• If one child is born with cleft lip, there is a 40%
chance of a second child exhibiting the same
defect.

56
Q

teratogens associated with congenital malformations

A

Drugs: Ethanol, Tetracycline, Dilantin, Lithium,
Methotrexate, Warfarin, Thalidomide,
Androgens, Progesterone, Retinoic Acid
Chemicals: Methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls
Radiation: High levels of ionizing radiation

57
Q

cyst of anterior oral cavity

A

usually develops at fusion point between the primary palate and palatine shelves= nasopalatine duct cyst

58
Q

2nd branchial arch unique action

A

will grow downwards to cover the 3rd/4th arch, seals them off

59
Q

foramen cecum

A

depression on the back of the tongue that will form thyroid gland, tissue invaginates to make a small ball that descends and dif into the thyroid gland

60
Q

cervical sinus

A

formed by downgrowth of the 2nd branchial arch, usually reabsorbed by week 7

61
Q

persistance of cervical sinus

A

forms a lateral cervical cyst, forms along the sternomastoid muscle

62
Q

development of the tongue from?

A

back portions of the branchial arches

63
Q

Branchial Arch #1 contributuoin to toingue

A

Median Tongue Bud, Foramen Cecum, Lateral Lingual Swellings>Overgrown by lateral lingual swellings, Origin of the thyroid ectoderms, Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

64
Q

Branchial Arch #2 contribution to tongue

A

Copula/Tuberculum Impar>Overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence

65
Q

Branchial Arch #3 contribution to tongue

A

Hypobranchial Eminence>posterior third of tongue

66
Q

Branchial Arch #4 contributiuion to tongue

A

Minor contributions to the

hypobranchial eminence>no adult structure

67
Q

brachial arches inn and associated structutres

A
68
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst

A 
Failure of 
thyroglossal 
duct to 
involute (failure of thyroid precursor to migrate/ gets hung up on something) ,
Located in 
midline of 
neck
69
Q

ectopic lingual thyroid

A

occurs if thyroid precursor cells fail to migrate (some or all), results in thyroid tissue on tongue

70
Q

branchial arches cartilages

A
71
Q

development of ear

A

made of six processes, swirl around to form the ear shape

72
Q

neural tube becomes?

A

brain and spinal cord

73
Q

events of proliferation period 0-3 weeks

A

implantation
bilaminar embryotic disc
neural tube and notochord formation
mesoderm formation

74
Q

events of embryotic development 3-8weeks

A

neural crest cells

pharyngeal arches

75
Q

events of fetal development 9 weeks-term

A

facial/oral cavity development

body growth

Histopathology (12 decks)

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