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Animal Management Y1 > Canine > Flashcards

Canine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of retractable and extending lead restraint?

A

Can extend over long distances and lock at different lengths.

But can be hard to handle and can injure dog’s neck or handler’s shoulder if forcibly yanked.

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2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of choker chain restraint?

A

Can be used in training, a quick jerk applied with an immediate release which is supplied to correct a dog’s unwanted behaviour.

But pulling harder or longer presses on trachea and restricts breathing.

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of clip lead and collar restraint?

A

Easy to place but if a dog pulls, it can become uncomfortable, pressing on neck and trachea and can pull off.

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4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of slip lead restraint?

A

Easy to apply but if dog pulls excessively, it can put pressure on the neck and trachea, and can easily come off the dog’s head.

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of head halter restraint?

A

Give more control over dog’s direction and intensity of pulling and pressure is no longer over the trachea. But may be uncomfortable and causes disease and injury.

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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of harness restraint?

A

More control and harder to pull and escape from. Doesn’t put pressure on neck so can be used for dogs with laryngeal or tracheal diseases. But can be more difficult to place.

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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mikki muzzles?

A

Owners prefer how these look compared to Baskerville muzzles.

May be less comfortable, as dog cannot drink or pant while wearing it. Biting may still be possible if not tight enough.

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8
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Baskerville muzzles?

A

More comfortable than Mikki muzzles, as drinking and panting are still allowed.

But if not secured properly, they can dislodge easily and put handler in danger.

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9
Q

Which dogs are Mikki muzzles used on?

A

Medium size = 10-20 kg

XL size = 25-35 kg

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10
Q

Describe how to apply a Mikki muzzle.

A
  1. Adjust strap to fit, with dog restrained and working from behind.
  2. Hold straps and slip muzzle over snout.
  3. Ensure straps runs beneath ears securely and comfortably.
  4. Keeping muzzle securely on snout, clip together the buckle and pull the loose strap tight.
  5. Check muzzle does not impede the eyes and can fit 2 fingers underneath, while not allowing the dog to bite.
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11
Q

Describe how to remove a Mikki muzzle.

A

Pinch buckle sides and remove muzzle. In aggressive dogs, pinch buckle and let muzzle fall off dog.

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12
Q

Describe how to apply a wide fit Baskerville muzzle.

A
  1. Undo both buckles and fit muzzle over head with soft red part on the bridge of the nose. Do by approaching the dog from behind.
  2. Secure muzzle at neck strap first, keeping firmly on nose.
  3. Secure buckle over dog’s head.
  4. Remove by pinching buckle and removing/letting drop off.
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13
Q

Describe how to fit a regular sized Baskerville muzzle.

A
  1. Adjust straps to fit approximate size of the head.
  2. Approach from behind to place muzzle on the nose, with soft part on bridge.
  3. Ensure straps run beneath ears comfortably and securely.
  4. Snap the buckle and adjust the strap to tighten.
  5. Remove by pinching the buckle and removing/letting fall off.
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14
Q

How is heart rate measured?

A

Find pulse and count over 15 seconds and then multiply by 4 to get the beats per minute.

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15
Q

What is the normal respiration rate in dogs and how is it measured?

A

10-35 bpm
24 bpm at rest

Counting chest movement

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16
Q

What is normal pulse rate in dogs?

A

At birth = 160-200 bpm
Young puppies = 220 bpm at 2 weeks old
Adult = 60-140 bpm
Toy dog can be as high as 180 bpm

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17
Q

How an pulse be felt for in dogs?

A

Place hand in the inside hind leg at mid thigh to feel femoral artery.

18
Q

Identify the intramuscular injection sites.

A

Lumber region/epaxial muscles
Quadriceps

Unacceptable: semimembranosus/semitendinosus

19
Q

Identify subcutaneous injections sites.

A

Neck scruff

20
Q

Identify intravenous injection sites.

A

Cephalic vein, between elbow and radius

Saphenous vein at distal tibia

21
Q

How do you create a skin tent?

A

With non-dominant hand, grasp skin between fingers and thumb, firmly but not too tightly. Life hand and skin gently , forming a tent between skin and muscle below.

22
Q

Describe how to perform a subcutaneous injection.

A
  1. Position so non-dominant hand is cranial and dominant hand is caudal.
  2. Pick up syringe in dominant hand, with barrel between thumb and index, with hand over syringe and fingers stabilising.
  3. Make skin tent with non-dominant hand at neck scruff.
  4. Insert syringe at 45 degrees to skin surface into the potential space in tent triangle.
  5. Before injection, draw back against resistance from vacuum. If a red flash is seen, needle is in a blood vessel. If not seen, needle has passed though the other side of the skin tent and must be repositioned.
  6. Use fingers to inject, while holding the barrel of the syringe still with thumb and index.
23
Q

Identify 3 canine lymph nodes.

A

Submandibular
Pre-scapular
Popliteal

24
Q

When do male dogs achieve puberty?

A

6 months, dependent on breed and weight

25
Q

Describe the classification of reproduction in bitches.

A
  • Seasonal breeders and tend to have 2 breeding periods/oestrus cycles a year.
  • Monoestrus – one ovulation and oestrus in each breeding season
  • Spontaneous ovulations without the stimulus of mating
  • Average inter-oestrus period is 7 months
  • Puberty achieved at 6 months and is dependent on weight.
26
Q

Describe proestrous in bitches.

A

6 to 11 days

  • Phase associated with ovarian follicular development
  • Rising levels of FSH inducing oestrogen secretion
  • Haemorrhagic vaginal discharge and swelling of the vulva
  • Attractive to males
  • Playful behaviour but aggressive if dog attempts to mount
  • Increased urine marking
  • Anxiety/agitation
27
Q

Describe oestrous in bitches.

A

5 to 9 days

  • Phase of increasing FSH levels, oestrogen spike, which turns the anterior pituitary to secreting LH
  • LH induces progesterone secretion from the ruptured follicles
  • Vaginal discharge becomes clear, vulva stays swollen
  • Ovulation occurs on average on day 3
  • Bitch allows dog to mount
  • Bitch presents her perineum to the dog and stands with the tail deviated to one side (‘slips tail’)
  • Roaming, seeking, escaping to find a mate
  • Competitive aggression towards other females, such as over male dogs, food, space and owner attention
28
Q

Describe luteal/progesterone dominated phase in bitches.

A

56 to 60 days

  • Phase associated with high progesterone levels secreted from corpus luteum
  • Vulva stays slightly swollen
  • Mammary glands enlarge and may produce milk
  • Associated with pregnancy or false pregnancy/pseudocyesis
29
Q

Describe anoestrous in bitches.

A

Phase of sexual inactivity can last months. Physically and behaviourally normal.

30
Q

How can pseudocyesis present in bitches?

A
  • Nest making and dogging
  • Listless/depressed
  • Poor appetite or excessively hungry
  • Collects toy to mother or nurse them
  • Restlessness
  • Competitive aggression towards other dogs over resources in household, such as for space, food, toys, owner attention.
  • Due to prolactin levels waning slowly.
31
Q

When does mating occur in dogs?

A

Optimal time – ovulation occurs 3 days after the onset of oestrous.

Mating protocols differ but bitch often presented to male at switch from pro-oestrous to oestrous behvaiour and every 48 hours after this until she refuses the male.

32
Q

What is copulatory lock?

A

During intromission, the vagina muscles of the bitch prevent the dog’s penis being withdrawn for up to 30 minutes.

33
Q

How is oestrous controlled in bitches?

A
  • Neutering
  • Medical preparations based on progesterone to prevent/postpone oestrous. Now rarely used because of significant side effects
  • Misalliance treatments – either oestrogens to prevent implantation within (4 days of mating) or medical abortifacients.
34
Q

Why do we neuter bitches?

A
  • Reduce numbers of unwanted puppies, as up to 40% of abandoned dogs in some studies are from unwanted litters.
  • Prevent difficulties owners may have with pro-oestrous and oestrous signs
  • Control of heritable diseases
  • Prevent disease
  • Reduce disease
  • Prevent/modify behaviour
35
Q

What diseases does neutering bitches help prevent/reduce?

A 
Mammary neoplasia
Uterine and ovarian disease 
Risks associated with parturition 
Distress associated with pseudocyesis 
Diabetes mellitus 
Seizure frequency in idiopathic epilepsy
Mastitis 
Vaginal prolapse
36
Q

What behaviours can neutering bitches prevent/modify?

A

Oestrous related competitive aggression/anxiety

Pseudocyesis related changes, such as anorexia, depression and lethargy

Resource related competitive anxiety/aggression in pseudocyesis

37
Q

Why do we castrate male dogs?

A
  • Reproductive control – reduce numbers of unwanted puppies.
  • Prevent diseases – such as benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostatitis, testicular neoplasia, perineal hernia, perianal adenoma, transmission brucella and TVT
  • Control of heritable diseases
  • Prevent/modify testosterone related behaviour
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of neutering male and female dogs?

A
  • Surgical risks and complications – haemorrhage, ovarian remnant syndrome urinary tract injury, abdominal hernia, wound dehiscence/infection, stump granuloma
  • Risks associated with general anaesthesia – 1 in 2000 dogs die into GA, varying with clinic/setting
  • Non-reversible
  • Obesity – mixed evidence but generally accepted that there is an association in both sexes to subsequent development of obesity.
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of neutering bitches?

A
  • Urinary incontinence may be related if neutered before puberty, particularly in larger breeds. Can be treated with life long medication and sometimes surgical intervention is needed. 5-20% incidence.
  • Possible higher incidence osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma in large breed dogs
  • Possible higher incidence of hip dysplasia and CCL rupture, but mechanism unclear
  • Persistent false pregnancy if spayed in the luteal phase of cycle
  • Peri-vulvular dermatitis and hypoplasia external genitalia.
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of neutering male dogs?

A
  • If neutered under 12 months before skeletal maturity, delayed fusion of growth plates and possible increased incidence of injury.
  • Possible higher incidence osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma in larger breeds
  • Possible increased risk of joint disorders, such as hip dysplasia and CCLR
  • Increased development of prostatic carcinoma and bladder cancer
  • Urinary incontinence if castrated in older age
  • If anxious, individuals concern that anxiety/fear may be increased on testosterone withdrawal.

Animal Management Y1 (10 decks)

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