Hydrosphere

Question 1

Source

Answer 1

The place a river begins

Question 2

Drainage basin

Answer 2

The area surrounding a river from which water drains into a river.

Question 3

Mouth

Answer 3

The place where a river enters a lake, larger river or ocean

Question 4

Precipitation

Answer 4

The fall of rain, hail, snow or sleet

Question 5

Evaporation

Answer 5

Water is heated, turned to a gas and rises

Question 6

Interception

Answer 6

Precipitated that are stopped from getting to the ground by vegetation

Question 7

Surface Runoff

Answer 7

The flow of water occurring on the ground surface

Question 8

Infiltration

Answer 8

The process by which water on the surface enters the soil

Question 9

Throughflow

Answer 9

The lateral unsaturated flow of water in soil

Question 10

Percolation

Answer 10

Process of a liquid slowly passing through a filter in this case usually rock

Question 11

Groundwater flow

Answer 11

Water that flows or collects beneath the Earths surface

Question 12

Groundwater Storage

Answer 12

The storage of water underground in permeable rock strata

Question 13

Channel Storage

Answer 13

The water held in a river or stream channel

Question 14

Channel flow

Answer 14

The movement of water within the river channel

Question 15

Ways in which human activity can affect the hydrological cycle

Answer 15

Removal of vegetation, replacement with concrete, deforestation, fewer trees=less evapotranspiration, water removed, irrigation channels

Question 16

Formation of a V-Shaped Valley

Answer 16

Rivers begin high up in the mountains so the flow quickly downhill eroding the landscape vertically.
The river cuts deep down into the landscape using hydraulic action when the sheer force of the water gets into small cracks and breaks down the side of the river valley.
Corrasion/abrasion also occurs which is when the riverbed and banks are eroded by the load hitting against them. another type of erosion that happens is corrosion when the river water dissolves minerals from the rocks and washes them away. As the river erodes downwards the side of the valley are exposed to freeze thaw weathering. This loosens the rocks and steepens the valley sides.
any rocks that have fallen into the river assist the process of corrasion and this leads to further erosion.
The river transports the rocks downstream the channel becomes wider and deeper creating a V shaped valley between interlocking spurs.

Question 17

Waterfall (Uppercourse)

Answer 17

Waterfall is formed when a river flows over a band of hard rock lying on top of soft rock.
The soft rock which lies on the down Riverside is more easily eroded producing a steep face or cliff over which the water falls.
The soft rock at the bottom of the waterfall is eroded to form a plunge pool.
Over a long period of time the waterfall retreats upstream to leave a steep sided valley called a gorge.

Question 18

Meander (middle course, lateral)

Answer 18

straight river channels are unstable so rivers adjust to find a form which sediment can be transported efficiently.
Pools (deeper areas) and riffles (shallow areas) can form in the river as the water twists to move around objects
Water flows fastest and has more energy on the outside bend leading to more erosion this can be by the process of abrasion where stones and pebbles great at the river bed and banks as well as hydraulic action - this is where the force of the water pushes air into cracks in the bank blasting them apart. This creates a river cliff.
On the inside band D position occurs and this is because the river has a slower current and less energy so cannot carry its mode it drops it creating a river beach.
This can also be assisted by helicoidal flow this is a corkscrew actions where the water move materials from one cliff and deposit it at the next beach
Overtime continual erosion deposition causes the meander to become more extreme

Question 19

Ox-bow Lake - Lower Course

Answer 19

before explaining an oxbow lake explain the process of meanders
Meander neck gets narrower due to hydraulic action and abrasion
During a flood the river will break through and create a new channel
The river takes the shortcut and the position fills the meander neck as the river is flowing more slowly
The meander water loses energy and the river flows fastest on the cut off
Isolated horseshoe shaped pool of water is cut off from the river channel and forms the oxbow lake.

Question 20

Factors influencing hydrography

Answer 20

Area, type of rock, soil type, urbanisation, afforestation, drainage density, number of streams, storage capacity