Chapter 3 - Structure and Bonding

Question 1

What type of bonding is present when a non-metal and a metal bond? [1]

Answer 1

Ionic bonding [1]

Question 2

How do you show an ionic bond in diagram form? [1]

Answer 2

Using a dot and cross diagram [1]

Question 3

Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) bond together to form NaCl.

Explain how the dot and cross diagram would be formed, and state the electronic structure of sodium and chlorine [6].

Answer 3

Electronic structure:
Sodium - 2,8, [1]
Chlorine - 2,8,8 [1]

• Sodium would lose an electron [1]
• As it needs to get rid of the outer electron to stabilize. [1]
• Chlorine gains an electron [1]
• As it needs 1 more electron to stabilize the outer shell [1]

Question 4

What structure do ionic compounds have? [1]

Answer 4

Giant ionic lattice [1]

Question 5

Describe and explain 2 properties of ionic compounds. [4]

Answer 5

• High melting and boiling points [1]
• as there are many strong bonds between ions.[1]
• Easily dissolves in water [1]
• meaning they can freely move and conduct electricity [1]

Question 6

What is the type of bonding present when 2 non - metals react? [1]

Answer 6

Covalent bonding [1]

Question 7

How do the non - metals in covalent bonds obtain a full outer shell and how can it be represented? [2]

Answer 7

They physically share the electrons [1]

It can be represented with a dot and cross diagram [1]

Question 8

Give 3 properties of giant covalent structures. [3]

Answer 8

• Insoluble in water [1]
• Very high melting and boiling points. [1]
• Don’t conduct electricity [1]

Question 9

State 3 properties of simple molecular substances [3]

Answer 9

• Very strong covalent bonds. [1]
• Weak intermolecular forces [1]
• Low melting and boiling points [1]

Question 10

Define polymer [1]

Answer 10

Small units of monomers linked together to form a long molecule [1]

Question 11

State 4 allotropes of carbon [4]

Answer 11

• Diamond [1]
• Fullerenes [1]
• Graphene [1]
• Graphite [1]

Question 12

Give 3 properties of graphite. [3]

Answer 12

• Layers can slide over each other [1]
• Strong covalent bonds [1]
• Delocalised electrons which conduct electricity. [1]

Question 13

State 3 properties of graphene [3]

Answer 13

• Strong covalent bonds [1]
• 1 atom thick [1]
• Delocalised electrons conducting electricity [1]

Question 14

Explain how graphene is a strong material [2]

Answer 14

Large network of strong covalent bonds [1] meaning it is hard to break [1] (despite being lightweight)

Question 15

What is the formula of buckminsterfullerene? Choose one answer [1]

• C50
• C70
• C60
• C40

Answer 15

• C60 [1]

Question 16

What is a fullerene? [2]

Answer 16

• Molecules of carbon [1] shaped in hexagonal/tube shaped balls [1]

Question 17

Give 3 useful properties of fullerenes [3]

Answer 17

High tensile strength [1]
High electrical conductivity [1] (due to delocalised electrons)
High thermal conductivity [1] (due to delocalised electrons)

Question 18

Describe the structure of graphene [3]

Answer 18

Has a 1 atom thick layer [1]
Conductor of heat and electricity [1]
Large strength [1]

Question 19

Describe the structure of metallic bonding [4]

Answer 19

Positive charged ions are stacked onto each other [1]
Contains a sea of delocalised electrons [1]
Delocalised electrons can move through structures to conduct electricity [1]
Metal atoms can slide over each other [1]

Question 20

Define an alloy [1]

Answer 20

A mixture of 2 or more elements, one of which is a metal [1]

Question 21

Why are alloys harder than pure metals? [2]

Answer 21

Regular layers of atoms are disrupted by larger atoms [1], therefore atoms cannot slide as easily [1]

Question 22

Give 2 uses of nanoparticles [2]

Answer 22

Suncream [1]
Cosmetic products [1]

Question 23

Give 2 risks of the use of nanoparticles [2]

Answer 23

Can cause damage to respiratory health if inhaled [1]
Large surface area can increase risk of explosion [1]