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PHYS - NEURO > 17. LANGUAGE > Flashcards

17. LANGUAGE Flashcards

1
Q

Define language

A
  • Language is a system for representing, communicating information about the world using symbols & rules
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2
Q

What are the 5 functional components of language?

A
  1. ARTICULATION
  2. PHONOLOGY
  3. MEANING/SEMANTICS
  4. SYNTAX
  5. COMPREHENSION
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3
Q

What is articulation?

A
  • ARTICULATION is the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, pharynx & epiglottis to modify a sound wave
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4
Q

What two ways can articulation be classified?

A
  1. Place of articulation
    - Labial - sound from the lips
    - Alveolar - sound when tongue presses
  2. Manner of articulation
    - Voiced vs unvoiced
    - Fricative, plosive
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5
Q

What is phonology?

A
  • Phonology is the sound combination from which the syllables & words of a language are built up
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6
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in meaning?

A
  • Left & right temporal lobes

- There are interconnections throughout the association cortex

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7
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in syntax?

A
  • Left inferior frontal gyrus

- Posterior Broca’s area

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8
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in articulation & phonology?

A
  • Motor complex areas which control movements of the tongue, mouth, larynx
  • Broca’s area is also involved
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9
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in comprehension?

A
  • Comprehension involves all the areas of the brain
  • Primary auditory cortex to understand speech
  • Temporal lobes, left inferior gyrus, arcuate fasiculus
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10
Q

What 4 types of aphasia can occur due to stroke/focal damage?

A
  1. Broca’s aphasia
  2. Wernicke’s aphasia
  3. Conduction aphasia
  4. Dynamic aphasia
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11
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A
  • Broca’s aphasia is caused by damage to Broca’s area

- Characterised by difficulty with articulation & phonology

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12
Q

What happens to speech & comprehension in Broca’s area?

A
  • BROken speech - BROca’s area
  • Speech is slow, halted & fragmented
  • Comprehension may be lower but tends to be unaffected because there’s no damage to the temporal poles
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13
Q

Give two pathologies that result in Broca’s aphasia?

A
  1. Middle cerebral artery infarction

2. Haemorrhage stroke

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14
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia is characterised by damage to the posterior regions of the language network in the left cerebral hemisphere
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15
Q

How does Wernicke’s aphasia affect speech & comprehension?

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia produces speech that is fluent but meaningless.
  • There’s a loss of meaning because individuals struggle to remember the meaning for words
  • Addition of meaningless or invented words
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16
Q

Give two pathologies that result in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A
  1. Cerebral haemorrhage

2. Pentrating brain injury

17
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A
  • Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the posterior perisylvian regions of gray matter & underlying white matter
  • Individuals may have difficulty repeating words or phrases that have been said
  • Speech is mildly fluent but there are comprehension issues
18
Q

What area of the brain is damaged in conduction aphasia?

A
  • Posterior perisylvian regions of gray matter & underlying white matter
19
Q

How can dynamic aphasia be tested for?

A
  • High constraint vs Low constraint test
  • High constraint sentences are easy to complete
  • Low constraint sentences are hard to complete
20
Q

What pathology can cause conduction aphasia?

A
  • Lacunar stroke

- Affects the middle cerebral artery

21
Q

What is dynamic aphasia?

A
  • Dynamic aphasia is the rarest form of aphasia

- It involves difficulty with planning, initiating or maintaining speech

22
Q

What happens to speech & comprehension in dynamic aphasia?

A
  • In dynamic aphasia, the speech is echoic, repetitive or fragmented
23
Q

Which area of the brain is damaged in Dynamic aphasia?

A
  • Anterior left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann 45)
24
Q

What pathology can cause dynamic aphasia?

A
  • Left anterior cerebral infarction
25
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia also known as?

A
  • Sensory or receptive aphasia
26
Q

What three types of aphasia can occur as a result of brain neurodegeneration?

A
  1. NON-FLUENT PROGRESSIVE APHASIA
  2. FLUENT PROGRESSIVE APHASIA
  3. LOGOPENIC APHASIA
27
Q

What is non-fluent progressive aphasia?

A
  • Non-fluent progressive aphasia is characterized by slow, distorted grammatical speech
28
Q

What happens to speech & comprehension in non-fluent progressive aphasia?

A
  • Speech: phonological & grammatical errors in speech which begins with subtle changes getting progressively worse over time
  • Comprehension: single word comprehension or preserved. But individuals may have difficulty understanding sentences
29
Q

What pathology can cause non-fluent progressive aphasia?

A
  • Primary tauopathy [FTD-Tau]

- Deposition of Tau in language areas

30
Q

What is fluent progressive aphasia?

A
  • Fluent progressive aphasia is characterised by normal sounding speech rate & production but with empty content
  • Begins with subtle word finding changes as individuals have single word comprehension difficulties
31
Q

What pathology can cause fluent progressive aphasia?

A
  • TDP-43 Proteinopathy (|FTD-TDP)

- Abnormal TDP deposition in anterior temporal region

32
Q

What is logopenic aphasia?

A
  • Logopenic aphasia is characterised by poor speech output with errors in phonology & syntax
  • Difficulty repeating sentences
33
Q

What pathology can cause logopenic aphasia?

A
  • Damage to posterior perislyvian regions due to Alzheimer’s

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