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Physical Science > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form

A

mineral

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2
Q

the color of a mineral in powdered form

A

streak

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3
Q

when a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides, it has what?

A

cleavage

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4
Q

minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit what?

A

fracture

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5
Q

the physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching

A

hardness

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6
Q

molten rock material inside Earth

A

magma

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7
Q

what are the three ways a mineral can form?

A

hot water, molten rock, and evaporation

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8
Q

a mineral is _____, _____, and _____?

A

naturally occuring, an inorganic solid, and has a crystalline form

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9
Q

what are the two most abundant elemants that make up Earth’s crust?

A

silicon and oxygen

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10
Q

what does inorganic mean?

A

that minerals are materials that are not living

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11
Q

what does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

it reflects the way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and the crystal shape it has

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12
Q

what are all of the ways to identify minerals?

A

luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, atomic arrangement, hardness, and crystal shape

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13
Q

what are the two types of luster?

A

metallic and nonmetallic

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14
Q

how does metallic luster reflect light?

A

very easily, and like a metal surface

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15
Q

how does nonmetallic luster reflect light?

A

shines like glass or appears earthy or waxy

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16
Q

how do you preform a streak test?

A

by rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white porcelain tile

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17
Q

what are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

fracture and cleavage

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18
Q

what is the name of the scale that measures the hardness of a mineral?

A

the Mohs Scale of Hardness

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19
Q

what is the number range on the Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

one through 10

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20
Q

how many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

there are six

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21
Q

minerals grow from the ____?

A

surface of Earth

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22
Q

what are the three ways minerals can form?

A

hot water, molten rock, and evaporation

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23
Q

what are the two mineral groups?

A

silicates and nonsilicates

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24
Q

which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?

A

silicates

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25
Q

what elements are Silicates made up of?

A

oxygen and silicon

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26
Q

non-silicates do not contain what element?

A

silicon

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27
Q

what mineral is used to make glass?

A

quartz

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28
Q

Define rock

A

a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass

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29
Q

how are rocks identified?

A

by their composition and texture

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30
Q

what does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

the rock’s size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components

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31
Q

where do intrusive igneous rocks form?

A

molten rock material that cools and crystallizes either underground or on Earth’s surface

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32
Q

what type of molten rock do intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

late forming, less dense minerals like potassium, feldspar, and quartz

33
Q

what is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

A

Bowen’s Reaction Series

34
Q

what are the three types of magma?

A

mafic, intermediate, and felsic

35
Q

which magma type has a low silica content?

A

mafic

36
Q

which magma type has a high silica content?

A

felsic

37
Q

which type of crust has an abundent amount of quartz? (oceanic or continental)

A

continental

38
Q

which type of crust has little to no quartz? (oceanic or continental)

A

oceanic

39
Q

which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

A

intrusive igneous rocks

40
Q

which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

extrusive igneous rocks

41
Q

do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A

quickly

42
Q

what are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rocks?
(this answer was our weekly question for Tuesday)

A

vesicular texture and porphyritic texture

43
Q

which texture type is the type with holes left behing because of rapid cooling?

A

vesicular texture

44
Q

which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

A

porphyritic texture

45
Q

what type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

A

pumice

46
Q

Define clasts

A

small rock and mineral fragments

47
Q

what type of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

water, wind, and other forces

48
Q

what does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

they often become rounded before being departed

49
Q

what does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

they are being transported to a new location

50
Q

Define pore space

A

the empty space in between the grains is called pore space

51
Q

Define compaction

A

the process by which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlaying material

52
Q

Define cementation

A

the process in which minerals precipitate slowly out a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clasts

53
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

most of the time both compaction and cementation work together

54
Q

what is another name for clasts?

A

detritus

55
Q

what are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

detrital sedimentary rocks

56
Q

what is the decreasing size of clasts?

A

gravel, sand, silt, and clay/mud

57
Q

which clast size would be deposited first?

A

gravel

58
Q

what are the four common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale

59
Q

how are the chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

from water that contains dissolved solids

60
Q

if sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

biochemical sedimentary rocks

61
Q

what are the two common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

coal and limestone

62
Q

what are the three types of sedimentary rock?

A

biochemical, chemical, and detrital

63
Q

metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which three things?

A

heat, pressure, and chemical reactions

64
Q

which types of rocks can be changed by metamorphasism?

A

any igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks

65
Q

what is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas?

A

regional metamorphism

66
Q

what is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas?

A

contact metamorphism

67
Q

when shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created?

A

slate

68
Q

what are the two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

foliated and nonfoliated

69
Q

define foliated texture

A

a texture that have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands

70
Q

define nonfoliated texture

A

a texture with crystals with more random orientations

71
Q

metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

A

texture and composition

72
Q

define rock cycle

A

the continual changing of rocks from one type to another

73
Q

which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks

74
Q

what are the three types of rocks?

A

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

75
Q

which type of rocks form from molten rock?

A

igneous rocks

76
Q

what types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

A

sedimentary rocks

77
Q

which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions?

A

metamorphic rocks

78
Q

what can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

A

minerals

Physical Science (6 decks)

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