Chapter 8

Question 1

The definition of theory

Answer 1

is an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated.

Question 2

What does a theory consist of?

Answer 2

2 or more concepts and a set of propositions that form a logically interrelated system, providing a mechanism for deducing hypotheses.

Question 3

What are descriptive theories? What kind of article are they common in?

Answer 3

• account for and describe a phenomenon.
• inductive, observation-based abstractions.
• common to qualitative articles.

Question 4

What is a grand theory?

Answer 4

explain large segments of the human experience, but they are not good for research

examples: Roy’s Adaptation Model, Transcultural Nursing, Nursing Process Theory, Theory of Human Becoming, Self-Care Theory, Modeling and Role Modeling Theory

Question 5

What is a middle range theory?

Answer 5

focus on a phenomena like stress, comfort, and health promotion.
-more suitable for research as they are easier to test empirically.

Question 6

who better for research- grand or middle range theory?

Answer 6

middle range theory

Question 7

What is a conceptual model?

Answer 7

deals with abstractions or concepts that are assembled because of their relevance to a common theme.
-More loosely structured than theories.

Question 8

who is more loosely structured- theory or conceptual model?

Answer 8

conceptual model

Question 9

what things visually represent the relationships among phenomena

Answer 9

Schematic models or conceptual maps

Question 10

what is a framework? when do we see it?

Answer 10

the conceptual underpinning of a study.
-implicit and not spelled out, especially for quantitative studies

• If a study is based on a theory it has a theoretical framework.
• If a conceptual model is the basis it is called a conceptual framework.

Question 11

• If a study is based on a theory it has a _______ framework.
• If a conceptual model is the basis it is called a _______ framework.

Answer 11

• If a study is based on a theory it has a theoretical framework.
• If a conceptual model is the basis it is called a conceptual framework.

Question 12

4 concepts central to nursing:

Answer 12

human beings, environment, health, and nursing.

[that last one seems redundant (^.^) ]

Question 13

how are the four concepts of nursing defined?

Answer 13

Each MODEL (Grand or Middle range theory/models, etc.) defines each of the four terms differently.

Question 14

Roy’s Adaptation Model defines nursing….

Answer 14

Human beings cope with environmental change through adaptation. The goal of nursing, according to this model, is to promote client adaptation. Nursing interventions usually take the form of increasing, decreasing, modifying, removing, or maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation.

Question 15

List Middle range theories and models of concepts of nursing

Answer 15

Health Promotion Model, Uncertainty in Illness Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, Transtheoretical Model, Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior

*note you do not need to know the specifics, just identify them as middle range

Question 16

how do qualitative studies use theories?

Answer 16

attempt to avoid letting theories influence or bias their study and findings

Question 17

phenomenologists are guided by a framework focused on ________

Answer 17

phenomenologists are guided by a framework focused on the person’s lived experience.

Question 18

Ethnographers have a _______ framework focus.

Answer 18

Ethnographers have a cultural framework focus.

Question 19

Grounded theory uses framework related to ________

Answer 19

Grounded theory uses framework related to sociological formulations.

Question 20

How do quantitative researchers use theories?

Answer 20

Quantitative researchers will test a hypothesis from an existing theory

ex: using the health-belief model to motivate individuals with osteoporosis to eat a calcium enriched diet due to perceived benefits versus those who would not see a benefit from doing so.

Question 21

Quantiative articles will always mention the theory or framework used: true or false

Answer 21

false

Question 22

if a quantitive article uses a single intervention then….

Answer 22

it is possible an underlying theory is not needed, and the study results are still strong

Question 23

Do you need a theoretical framework for a quantitative article with complex intervention?

Answer 23

-weakens the study but does not discount the findings

Question 24

Having a framework means the article is good. True or flase

Answer 24

False

Question 25

What is true regarding middle-range theories?
A) Able to be tested empirically
B) Attempt to explain large segments of the human experience
C) Focused on the middle-class population
D) Research is limited to small population groups

Answer 25

Answer, A, able to be tested empirically.

Grand range theories attempt to explain large segments of the human experience. C and D are simply not true for any type of theory specifically.

Question 26

What is true regarding frameworks for quantitative articles?
A) Included in the methods section
B) Primarily uses theoretical frameworks
C) Aims to ignore theory to avoid bias
D) Usually does not state or describe a framework

Answer 26

Answer, D, usually does not state or describe a framework

Qualitative studies are more likely to use frameworks, and they aim to maintain bias by ignoring the assumptions of a theory. If a framework was used in a quantitative study there is not a specific section for it.

Question 27

What traits should be defined in any conceptual model of nursing? (Select all that apply).
A) Human being
B) Environment
C) Health
D) Impact

Answer 27

Answer: A, B, C, human being, environment, and health

Human beings, environment, health, and nursing are the four main components found in any conceptual model of nursing. Impact is not a trait expected to be defined.

Question 28

Which of the following is a middle-range theory?
A) Roy’s Adaptation Model
B) Theory of Human Becoming
C) Self-Care Theory
D) Health Promotion Model

Answer 28

Answer: D, Health Promotion Model

The other three choices are examples of Grand Theories of Nursing

Question 29

Which type of model places concepts in a visual format?
A) Conceptual Framework
B) Theoretical Framework
C) Schematic Model
D) Conceptual Model

Answer 29

Answer C, Schematic Model.

Schematic models or conceptual MAPS visually represent the relationships among phenomena.