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Microbiology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

describe gram positive cell wall

A

thick layer of peptidoglycans and single phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

describe gram negative cell wall

A

two phospholipid bilayer and thin layer of peptidoglycan

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3
Q

what antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

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4
Q

name the penicillins

A

flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, tazobactam/piperacillin, temocillin

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5
Q

what gram stain does flucloxacillin work against

A

gm +ve

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6
Q

what gram stain does amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, tazobactam/piperacillin, temocillin

A

gm -ve

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7
Q

how are penicillins excreted

A

via kidneys

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8
Q

name the cephalosporins

A

cefalexin, cetriaxone

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9
Q

how are cephalosporins excreted

A

via kidneys

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10
Q

what is there in increased risk of with cephalosporin use

A

C. diff

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11
Q

name the glycopeptides

A

vancomycin and teicoplanin

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12
Q

how are glycopeptides excreted

A

via kidneys

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13
Q

what does vancomycin damage

A

kidneys

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14
Q

what allergic reaction can occur with glycopeptides

A

red man syndrome

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15
Q

what antibiotics work by targeting protein synthesis

A

aminogycosides, macrolides, tetracylines, clindamycin and chloramphenicol

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16
Q

name the aminoglycoside

A

gentamicin

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17
Q

what does gentamicin act against

A

gm -ve aerobic bacteria

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18
Q

how is gentamicin excreted

A

via kidneys

19
Q

what antibiotic can cause renal and CNVIII damage due to its narrow therapeutic window

A

gentamicin

20
Q

name the macrolides

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin

21
Q

how are the macrolides excreted

A

via the liver into the gut

22
Q

what 2 groups of antibiotics are useful for intracellular pathogens

A

macrolides and tetracyclines

23
Q

name the tetracyclines

A

tetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline

24
Q

what are the adverse effects of tetracyclines

A

destroy intestinal flora, staining and impairment of bones and teeth

25
Q

what group of antibiotics can be used for atypical bacteria

A

tetracyclines

26
Q

how are the tetracyclines excreted

A

via the liver and biliary system

27
Q

what bacteria is clindamycin active against

A

true anaerobes

28
Q

what is chloramphenicol used for

A

topical eye infection treatment

29
Q

side effects of chloramphenicol

A

allergy, aplastic anaemia and grey baby syndrome (dosage)

30
Q

what antibiotics act on bacterial DNA

A

metronidazole, quinolones, fluoroquinolones

31
Q

adverse effects of metronidazole

A

furred tongue and metallic taste

32
Q

what to avoid on metronidazole

A

alcohol

33
Q

adverse effects of quinolones

A

weakens tendons, can damage joints in children, may cause seizures

34
Q

name the fluoroquinolones

A

ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin

35
Q

what are the only antibiotics active against pseudomonas

A

fluoroquinolones

36
Q

why is fluoroquinolone use restricted in Tayside

A

very broad spectrum - C.diff risk

37
Q

what antibiotics inhibit folic acid synthesis

A

trimethroprim and dapsone

38
Q

how can trimethroprim be given

A

orally itself or in combination with sulphamethoxazole

39
Q

when is dapsone used

A

pneumocystitis pneumonia - prophylaxis and mild-mod disease

40
Q

what is dapsone syndrome

A

rash with fever and eosinophilia

41
Q

what antibiotics are safe in pregnancy

A

all penicillins and cephalosporins and erythromicin

42
Q

avoid which 2 antibiotics in the first 3 months of pregnancy

A

trimethroprim and metronidazole

43
Q

do not give which 3 antibiotics in pregnancy

A

gentamicin, tetracyline and fluoroquinolones

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