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FoPC - Year 3 (Brian) > Children and Health Promotion > Flashcards

Children and Health Promotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Health promotion = an overarching principle/activity which enhances health and includes disease prevention, health education and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic.

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2
Q

What is health education?

A

Health education = activity involving communication with individuals or groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in a direction which is conducive to improvements in health.

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3
Q

What is health protection?

A

Health protection = collective activities at factors which are beyond the control of individuals, such as regulations or policies designed to prevent ill health

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4
Q

Health is affected by what factors?

A
  • Genetics
  • Access
  • Environment
  • Lifestyle
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5
Q

What are the different theories of health promotion action?

A
  • Educational
    • Provides knowledge to enable necessary understanding and make informed choices
  • Socioeconomic
    • Make healthy choice the easy choice
    • National policies such as sugar tax
  • Psychological
    • Health decisions arise from relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs
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6
Q

Why is health promotion relevant? What are some advantages and disadvantages?

A
  • Decrease burden on NHS so is essential tool for modern healthcare
  • Advantages in the UK to enable health promotion includes organised primary care system and a network of pharmacies able to deliver health promotion
  • Disadvantages includes medicalising healthy individuals, increased worry and may not effectively target at risk groups
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7
Q

What are some examples of challenges to health promotion?

A
  • Doctors are cynical if it is money well spent
  • Cannot properly evaluate effectiveness
    • In response to this government has set up the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) to review evidence
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8
Q

What is empowerment?

A

Empowerment = refers to the generation of power of those individuals which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations or act on the basis of their choices

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9
Q

What are some benefits of empowerment?

A
  • Resist social pressure
  • Utilise effective coping strategies when faced with unhealthy environment
  • Heightened consciousness of action
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10
Q

Describe the ‘cycle of change’ used to identify people who are perhaps ready to change their behaviour?

A
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11
Q

What are different examples of health promotion?

A
  • Primary care
    • Planned
      • Posters, chronic disease clinics, vaccinations, screening
    • Opportunistic
      • Advice within a consultation, such as on smoking or diet
  • Government
    • Legislation
      • Legal age limits, smoking ban, health and safety, clear air act, highway code
    • Economic
      • Tax on cigarettes and alcohol
    • Education
      • HEBS
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12
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Primary prevention = measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury, reducing the probability and/or severity of illness or injury

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13
Q

What are examples of primary prevention?

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Immunisation
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14
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Secondary prevention = detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent or lessen symptomatology

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15
Q

What is an example of secondary prevention?

A

Screening

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16
Q

What criteria is used for screening?

A

Wilson and Junger criteria

17
Q

Describe Wilson and Junger criteria used for screening?

A
  • Knowledge of disease
    • Condition important, natural history understood, pre-symptomatic stage
  • Knowledge of test
    • Suitable test or examination, acceptable to population, sensitive and specific
  • Treatment for disease
    • Accepted treatment for patients with recognised disease, cost effective, outcome better if treated early
18
Q

What are examples of things screened for in Scotland?

A
  • Cancers
    • Breast, bowel and cervical
  • AAA
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Pregnancy screening
    • Pre-eclampsia and diabetes
    • Anaemia and blood group
    • Viral infections
    • Down’s syndrome and other chromosomal conditions
    • Baby and placental position
  • New-born screening
    • Guthrie test
      • PKU, hypothyroidism, sickle cell, CF
19
Q

What cancers are screened for in Scotland?

A
  • Breast, bowel and cervical
20
Q

What conditions are screened for during pregnancy in Scotland?

A
  • Pre-eclampsia and diabetes
  • Anaemia and blood group
  • Viral infections
  • Down’s syndrome and other chromosomal conditions
  • Baby and placental position
21
Q

What new-born screening is done in Scotland?

A
  • PKU, hypothyroidism, sickle cell, CF
22
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Tertiary prevention = measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease, any intervention after the disease onset that limits the effect of the disease

23
Q

What are the different kinds of prevention?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
24
Q

What are examples of tertiary prevention?

A
  • Secondary prevention for stroke
  • Analgesia and physiotherapy for OA
25
Q

What are the 2 specialties that are defined by age?

A
  • Paediatrics
  • Medicine for the Elderly
26
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis = a tendency to stability

27
Q

Homeostasis is notably absent in what age groups?

A

Homeostasis is notably absent in the young and the old

28
Q

Early life health chocies have an impact on lifelong health, what should be done with this knowledge?

A
  • Establishment of a healthy lifestyle
  • Role of parenting
    • Habits and lifestyles established in adolescence
    • Smoking is more likely if your parents smoke
29
Q

What are examples of common reasons for seeing children in primary care?

A
  • Feeding problems
  • Pyrexia
  • URTI
  • Coughs/colds
  • Rashes
  • Otalgia
  • Sore throat and vomiting
  • Behavioural problems
30
Q

Describe some important aspects of consultations with children?

A
  • Watching, observing and examination properly
  • Putting child at ease as well as parent
  • Been seen to take it seriously
  • Parental understanding
  • Ethical issues
31
Q

What are some important lifestyle considerations that should be explored in children?

A
  • Diet
  • Exercise
    • NHS guidelines suggest at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise daily for teenagers
  • Sleep
    • Teens need about 8-10 hours of sleep
  • Social issues
  • Child protection
  • Screen time

FoPC - Year 3 (Brian) (5 decks)

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