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Respiratory > Chapter 1 Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Integrated set of regulated processes that include pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, transport of gases by blood, assist with regulating blood pH, and contains receptors for the sense of smell

A

Respiratory System

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2
Q

Respiratory System additional functions

A
  • Filters inspired air
  • Produce sounds
  • Excrete small amounts of water and heat during exhalation
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3
Q

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and blood

A

External respiration

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4
Q

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells

A

Internal Respiration

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5
Q

Body system that regulates breathing rates

A

Nervous system

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6
Q

Two parts of the respiratory system

A

Upper

Lower

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7
Q

Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures

A

Upper Respiratory System

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8
Q

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

A

Lower Respiratory System

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9
Q

Two parts of the respiratory system based on FUNCTION

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

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10
Q

Consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles that conduct air into the lungs

A

Conducting Zone

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11
Q

Consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs-the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

A

Respiratory zone

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12
Q

Consist of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane, it has two openings called external nares or nostrils

A

External nose

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13
Q

Connects to the throat through two openings called the internal nares

A

Internal nose

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14
Q

Air circulates and provides resonance, warms and humidifies before going down to the lungs

A

Paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

Four groups of paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal

Maxillary

Sphenoid

Ethmoidal

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16
Q

Largest paranasal sinus

A

Maxillary

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17
Q

Space inside the internal nose, lies below the cranium and above the oral pharynx

A

Nasal cavity

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18
Q

Ducts that connect to the internal nose

A

Nasolacrimal ducts

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19
Q

Vertical partition, divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

A

Nasal septum

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20
Q

The nasal septum consists of the following structures:

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Vomer

Cartilage

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21
Q

Basic functions of the nose

A
  1. Filtering, warming, and moistening incoming air
  2. Detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli
  3. Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds
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22
Q

What cells line the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

Goblet cells

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23
Q

Mucus secreted by what cells, moistens the air and traps dust particles?

A

Goblet Cells

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24
Q

What moves the dust-laden mucus toward the pharynx, at which point it can be swallowed or spit out

A

Cilia

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25
Q

Funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck

A

Pharynx (or throat)

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26
Q

Anterior to cervical vertebrae

Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane

Passageway for air and food

A

Pharynx

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27
Q

Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils

A

Pharynx

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28
Q
  1. Posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil
  2. Exchanges air with the nasal cavities and receives mucus-dust packages
  3. Exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize pressure
A

Nasopharynx

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29
Q

Middle part of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx

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30
Q

Upper part of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

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31
Q

Opens into the mouth and nasopharynx

Two pairs of tonsils (palatine and lingual)

A

Oropharynx

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32
Q

Connects with both the esophagus and the larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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33
Q

Voice box

A

Larynx

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34
Q

Short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea

It lies in the midline of the neck anterior, C4-C6

A

Larynx

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35
Q

1) Thyroid cartilage
2) Epiglottis
3) Cricoid cartilage
4) Arytenoid cartilages
5) Vocal cords

A

Part of the Larynx

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36
Q

Consists of hyaline cartilage, forms the anterior wall of the larynx

“Adam’s Apple”

A

Thyroid cartilage

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37
Q

Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium

A

Epiglottis

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38
Q

The “stem” of the epiglottis is attached to:

A

The anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

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39
Q

When anything but air passes into the larynx, what reflex occurs?

A

Cough reflex

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40
Q

Ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first tracheal cartilage

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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41
Q

Part cartilage consisting mostly of hyaline cartilage

a) Located above the cricoid cartilage
b) Attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles
c) Function in voice production

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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42
Q

Larynx vestibular folds

A

False vocal cords

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43
Q

Holds the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity when you strain to lift a heavy object

Does not produce sound

A

False vocal cords (vestibular folds): Upper pair

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44
Q

Produce sounds during speaking and singing

Contain elastic ligaments stretched between pieces of rigid cartilage like the string on a guitar

A

True vocal cords (vocal folds): Lower pair

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45
Q

What causes vocal cords to become thicker and louder in males?

A

Male sex hormones

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46
Q

Windpipe, tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus

A

Trachea

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47
Q

Extends from the larynx to the upper part of the fifth thoracic vertebra

Divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of T-5

A

Trachea

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48
Q

Trachea mucous membrane is compose of:

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium:

Consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells

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49
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Bronchi entering each lobe

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50
Q

Bronchi divided further after the secondary bronchi

A

Tertiary bronchi

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51
Q

Does not contain cartilage and are further reduced in size to form smaller branches called terminal bronchioles which are the smallest branches of the bronchial tree

A

Bronchioles

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52
Q

Cilia in the upper respiratory tract move mucus and trapped particles:

A

Down toward the pharynx

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53
Q

Cilia in the lower respiratory tract moves mucus and trapped particles:

A

Up toward the pharynx

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54
Q

How many C-shaped cartilage rings are in the trachea?

A

16 to 20

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55
Q

The open part of each C-shaped cartilage ring faces what body part?

A

Esophagus

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56
Q

Smallest branches of the bronchial tree

A

Terminal bronchioles

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57
Q

Two spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

A

Lungs

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58
Q

Double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung

A

Pleural membrane

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59
Q

Outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

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60
Q

Inner layer that is attached to the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

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61
Q

Narrow space located between the viscera and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes

A

Pleural cavity

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62
Q

Broad bottom portion of each lung, surface against the diaphragm

A

Base

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63
Q

Upper end located just above the clavicle extends roughly 4 cm above the first rib into the base of the neck

A

Apex

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64
Q

An indentation of the left lung where the heart lies

A

Cardiac notch

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65
Q

How much smaller is the left lung compared to the right lung?

A

10%

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66
Q

Deep grooves which divides the lung into the lobes

A

Fissures

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67
Q

What fissures are in the right lung?

A

Oblique and Horizontal fissures

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68
Q

What fissures are in the left lung?

A

Oblique only

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69
Q

Each lung lobe contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective tissue

A

Lobule

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70
Q

Subdivisions of lobules are microscopic branches of terminal bronchioles

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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71
Q

What lines the the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

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72
Q

Subdivisions of respiratory bronchioles

A

Alveolar ducts

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73
Q

Two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct

A

Alveolar sacs

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74
Q

Cup-shaped outpouching of an alveolar sac

A

Alveoli

75
Q

Walls of alveoli consist mainly of what type of cell?

A

Thin alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelial cells)

76
Q

Main sites of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

77
Q

Cells that secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist

A

Surfactant cells

78
Q

A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse

A

Surfactant

79
Q

The flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to differences in air pressure

A

Pulmonary ventilation

80
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

A

Contracts and becomes flatter after receiving nerve impulses from the phrenic nerves

81
Q

Contractions of the diaphragm is responsible for what percent of air that enters the lungs?

A

75%

82
Q

Factors that can impede descent of the diaphragm and may cause shortness of breath

A

Advanced pregnancy

Obesity

Confining clothing

Increased size of stomach after eating a large meal

83
Q

During inhalation, external intercostal muscles contract causing the ribs to move:

A

Upward and outward

84
Q

What muscles elevate the sternum during deep labored breathing?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscles

85
Q

What muscles elevate the two uppermost ribs during labored breathing?

A

Scalene muscles

86
Q

What muscles elevate the third through fifth ribs during labored breathing?

A

Pectoralis minor muscles

87
Q

Exhalation occurs due to what?

A

Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs

88
Q

What prevents alveoli from not completely collapsing during exhalation?

A

Due to recoil effect and the presence of surfactant

89
Q

What is a passive process and involves no muscular contractions?

A

Quiet exhalation

90
Q

When does exhalation become active?

A

Forceful breathing (exercising or playing a wind instrument)

91
Q

What muscles are involved during forceful exhalation?

A

Internal intercostal

External Oblique

Internal Oblique

Transverse abdominis

Rectus abdominis

92
Q

Lung expansion causes air molecules within the lungs to occupy a larger volume which causes air pressure inside to:

A

Decrease

93
Q

When lung volume decreases, alveolar pressure:

A

Increases

94
Q

At rest just before inhalation, the air pressure inside the lungs is the same as the pressure of the atmosphere at:

A

760 mmHg (at sea level)

95
Q

During inspiration the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract increasing the thoracic cavity size. The volume of the lungs increases, and the pressure inside decreases from 760 mmHg to:

A

758 mmHg

96
Q

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, recoil causes lung volume to decrease. Alveolar pressure rises from 758 mmHg to:

A

762 mmHg

97
Q

Healthy adults at rest have how many breathes per minute?

A

12

98
Q

Amount of air moved from in and out of the lungs

A

500 mL

99
Q

The volume of one breath

A

Tidal volume

100
Q

Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

A

Minute Ventilation (MV)

101
Q

What percentage of tidal volume actually reaches the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs?

A

70% or 350 mL

102
Q

What percentage of tidal volume does not participate in gas exchange?

Known as dead space.

This includes bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

A

30% or 150 mL

103
Q

Instrument used to measure respiratory rate and the amount of air inhaled and exhaled when breathing.

A

Spirometer

104
Q

Inhalation on a spirometer is recorded as:

A

Upward deflection

105
Q

Exhalation on a spirometer is recorded as:

A

Downward deflection

106
Q

The record produced from a spirometer is called a:

A

Spirogram

107
Q

The additional air that is inhaled beyond the normal 500mL tidal volume

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

108
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume in males

A

3100 mL

109
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume in females

A

1900 mL

110
Q

The additional air expired after a normal inhalation

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

111
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume in males

A

1200 mL

112
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume in females

A

700 mL

113
Q

The volume of air that remains even after expiratory reserve is expelled

A

Residual Volume (RV)

114
Q

Residual volume in males

A

1200 mL

115
Q

Residual Volume in females

A

1100 mL

116
Q

The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

117
Q

Inspiratory capacity in males

A

3600 mL

118
Q

Inspiratory capacity in females

A

2400 mL

119
Q

The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

120
Q

Functional Residual Capacity in males

A

2400 mL

121
Q

Functional Residual Capacity in females

A

1800 mL

122
Q

The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

123
Q

Vital Capacity in males

A

4800 mL

124
Q

Vital Capacity in females

A

3100 mL

125
Q

The sum of vital capacity and residual volume

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

126
Q

Total lung capacity in males

A

6000 mL

127
Q

Total Lung Capacity in females

A

4200 mL

128
Q

Normal pattern of quiet breathing

A

Eupnea

129
Q

An upward and outward movement of the chest

A

Costal breathing (shallow)

130
Q

Outward breathing, movement of the diaphragm

A

Diaphragmatic breathing (Deep)

131
Q

Provides humans with various expressions of emotion, or may remove a foreign body and facilitate talking and singing

A

Respirations

132
Q

A long-drawn deep inhalation followed by a strong exhalation, sends a blast of air through upper respiratory passages. Reflex to expel a foreign body.

A

Coughing

133
Q

Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and usually from an irritation of nasal mucosa

A

Sneezing

134
Q

A long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation

A

Sighing

135
Q

A deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth, producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible. Exact cause unknown (fatigue, drowsiness or seeing someone else do it)

A

Yawning

136
Q

A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single long exhalation

A

Sobbing

137
Q

An inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations, vocal cords vibrate, characteristic facial expression

A

Crying

138
Q

Same as crying by different facial expressions

A

Laughing

139
Q

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the larynx. Produces a sharp sound of inhalation. Stimulus is usually irritation of the GI tract.

A

Hiccupping

140
Q

“P”

A

Partial Pressure

141
Q

Sum of partial pressures of the gases

A

Air pressure

142
Q

Partial pressure of nitrogen

A

597.4 mmHg

143
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen

A

158.8 mmHg

144
Q

Partial pressure of water vapor

A

3.0 mmHg

145
Q

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

0.3 mmHg

146
Q

Partial pressure of “other” gases in the air

A

0.5 mmHg

147
Q

Gases diffuse from areas where it’s partial pressure is higher to areas where it’s partial pressure is:

A

Lower in the body

148
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange

A

External respiration

149
Q

Diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in the pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction. Occurs only in the lungs.

A

External Respiration

150
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air at rest

A

105 mmHg

151
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries

A

40 mmHg

152
Q

Blood returning to the heart via the pulmonary veins has a partial pressure of:

A

100 mmHg

153
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in deoxygenated blood

A

45 mmHg

154
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar air

A

40 mmHg

155
Q

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue throughout the body

A

Internal Respiration (Systemic Gas Exchange)

156
Q

Partial pressure of O2 in blood of systemic capillaries is higher (100 mmHg) than in tissue cells (40 mmHg) because:

A

Cell’s use O2 to produce ATP

157
Q

Tissue cells constantly produce:

A

CO2

158
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in cells

A

45 mmHg

159
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in capillaries

A

40 mmHg

160
Q

Percentage of oxygen in blood plasma

A

1.5%

161
Q

Percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in RBC’s

A

98.5%

162
Q

Heme in hemoglobin contains how many iron ions?

Each binds a molecule of O2

A

Four

163
Q

When blood partial pressure of O2 is lower, hemoglobin:

A

Releases O2

164
Q

Hemoglobin binds with large amounts of O2 and is fully saturated when:

A

Blood partial pressure of oxygen is high

165
Q

As temperature increases, so does the amount of ____ released from hemoglobin

A

O2

166
Q

In an acidic environment, hemoglobin releases more _____.

A

O2

167
Q

Carbon dioxide transported in blood in three main forms:

A

1) Dissolved CO2 (7%)
2) Bound to amino acids (23%)
3) Bicarbonate ions (70%)

168
Q

The area from which nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory muscles to control respiratory rate. Located in the Pons and Medulla Oblongata.

A

Respiratory center

169
Q

Controls the basic rhythm of respiration

A

Medullary Respiratory Center

170
Q

Generates nerve impulses for forceful exhalation. Remain inactive during quiet breathing.

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

171
Q

Neurons of this area supply nerve impulses for forceful exhalation

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

172
Q

Active during inhalation and exhalation. Transmit nerve impulses to the DRG in the medulla. Plays a role in both inhalation and exhalation by modifying the rhythm of breathing generated by the VRG as when exercising, speaking, or sleeping.

A

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

173
Q

Allows us to hold our breath voluntarily

A

Cerebral cortex

174
Q

Allows emotional stimuli to alter respirations, i.e. Laughing or crying

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system

175
Q

Chemoreceptors located in the medulla

A

Central Chemoreceptors

176
Q

Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and common carotids

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

177
Q

What levels of partial pressure O2 are chemoreceptors strongly stimulated?

A

50 mmHg (100 mmHg is normal)

178
Q

Increases rate and depth of respiration due to anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety

A

Limbic system stimulation

179
Q

Increase in rate and depth of respiration due to input from proprioceptors as a result of joint and muscle movement. These proprioceptors stimulate and inspiratory area of the medulla.

Respiration increases even before changes in PCO2, PO2, or H+ occur.

A

Proprioceptor stimulation of respiration

180
Q

Prolonged somatic pain _______ respirations

A

Increases

181
Q

Visceral pain may ______ respirations

A

Decrease

182
Q

Stimulation by stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, the inspiratory area is inhibited prevents over inflation

A

The inflation reflex

183
Q

Aging and the respiratory system causes

A

Lungs lose elasticity

Alveoli and the chest wall become rigid

184
Q

By age 70 decreased vital capacity can reach up to:

A

35%

Respiratory (5 decks)

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