Exam one

Question 1

Layers of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 1

• Muscle belly
• Fascicules
• Muscle fibers
• Sarcomeres

Question 2

Layers of CT

Answer 2

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

Question 3

Structures and Organelles within Skeletal fibers (6)

Answer 3

Plasmalemma/Sarcolemma
Satellite cells
Nucleus
Sarcoplasm 
T-Tubules 
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 4

Steps of Sliding Filament Theory (starting with neuron)

Answer 4

relaxed state- myosin and Actin are not interacting
Calcium binds to troponin, tropomyosin moves
Power stroke- the myosin head attaches to actin and pull towards center of the sarcomere
-cross bridge

Question 5

What step in Sliding Filament Theory require ATP?

Answer 5

ATP is require after the power stroke to detach the myosin head from the actin

Question 6

Factors that determine skeletal muscles recruitment and generation of force

Answer 6

all or none principle
motor unit and muscle size
frequency

Question 7

Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 muscle fibers

Answer 7

type 1- slow twitch

type 2- fast twitch, type 1A 25%, type 1X 25% fastest twitch

Question 8

What capacity do the fibers have to change?

Answer 8

very limited only around 10%

Question 9

What happens to Type 2x fibers with training?

Answer 9

with training some 2A are able to be turned into 2X

Question 10

How are the fiber types distributed in most humans?

Answer 10

determined at birth 50%/50%

Question 11

Primary purpose of Kinase and Dehydrogenase enzymes?

Answer 11

catalyzes

Question 12

Rate-limiting enzymes of the bioenergetics pathways (factors that speed/slow them down)

Answer 12

• isocitrate dehydrogenase

- monophosphate dehydrogenase

Question 13

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic energy systems

Answer 13

aerobic-oxygen

anaerobic- does not require oxygen

Question 14

Enzymes and molecules involved in the ATP-PCr system

Answer 14

ADP+ADP=ATP+AMP
catalyzed by Adenylate Kinase
Creatine Phosphate

Question 15

What part of the cell does glycolysis, krebs cycle, and ETC occur

Answer 15

Mitocondria

Question 16

Which energy system dominate during different intensities (and the time amount)

Answer 16

ATP-PCr system- 3-15 sec
Glycolysis- 30-120 sec
Aerobic energy systems last longer than anaerobic

Question 17

What determines if lactate/pyruvate is formed at the end of glycolysis

Answer 17

if it is done the absence of oxygen or not

Question 18

List different things that can happen to pyruvate and lactate, where they can be used?

Answer 18

• can be moved to other muscles (Lactate shuffle)
• Cori Cycle: converted to pyruvate or glucose in the liver
• Heart and Brain: is able to use lactate as fuel

Question 19

What happens in the last 2 steps of ETC?

Answer 19

production of H2O and ATP

Question 20

How can protein fit into different bioenergetic pathways?

Answer 20

each amino acid can perform a different part in the bioenergetic pathway

Question 21

How much energy is stored within 1 g of dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat?

Answer 21

Carbs- 4
Protein- 4
Fat- 9

Question 22

Describe the two shuttles that transport NADH from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria. (where and how it affects ATP net gain)

Answer 22

Skeletal and Brain- H from NADH is moved to FADH in the mitochondria leads to 1 less ATP
Malate-Aspartate Shuttle (heart and liver)- no ATP to be lost