Angina

Question 1

Chronic stable angina

Answer 1

• chest pain that occurs intermittently over a long period with a similar pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms
• manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD)
• caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardial cells.

Question 2

Silent ischemia

Answer 2

• ischemia occurs in the absence of any subjective symptoms.
• Associated with diabetic neuropathy

*ischemia = lack of blood flow to area

Question 3

Nocturnal angina

Answer 3

Occurs only at night but not necessarily during sleep

Question 4

Prinzmental’s (variant) angina

Answer 4

• due to vasospasm NOT occlusion
• chest pain that occurs at rest (normally between midnight and the morning)
• usually in response to spasm of major coronary artery
• Seen in clients with a history of migraine headaches and Raynaud’s phenomenon.
• Spasm may occur in the absence of CAD
• May occur during REM sleep

Question 5

myocardial ischemia

Answer 5

• when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques
• insufficient blood flow to the myocardium through coronary arteries narrowed by atherosclerosis.

Question 6

Angina, or chest pain

Answer 6

is a result of reversible myocardial ischemia that occurs when the demand for myocardial oxygen exceeds the ability of the coronary arteries to supply the heart muscle with oxyge

Question 7

Microvascular angina

Answer 7

• occurs in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis or coronary spasm
• happens because of problems in the small blood vessels bringing oxygenated blood to the hea
• chest pain is related to myocardial ischemia associated with abnormalities within the walls of small arterial blood vessels, which decrease blood flow to the heart, resulting in chest pain

Question 8

Short-acting nitrates: sublingual nitroglycerine

Answer 8

• dilating peripheral blood vessels, coronary arteries, and collateral vessels.

Question 9

Long-acting nitrates

Answer 9

• can be used to reduce the frequency of angina.

Question 10

β-Adrenergic blockers

Answer 10

• by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. Beta blockers cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood pressure.
• reduce myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing myocardial contractility, HR, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and BP.

Question 11

Calcium channel blockers

Answer 11

• used if β-adrenergic blocking agents are contraindicated, are poorly tolerated, or do not control symptoms.
• preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries.
• Calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly.
• By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open.

Question 12

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Answer 12

• result in vasodilation and reduced blood volume
• can prevent or reverse ventricular remodeling.
• prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels.

Question 13

angiography

Answer 13

the x-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart and blood vessels