Pain Flashcards
(35 cards)
Nociceptive pain
- most common type of pain
- physiologic (physical) pain
- visceral or somatic
- occurs when nociceptors are stimulated in response to trauma, inflammation, tissue damage, or surgery.
- sharp, burning, aching, cramping, or stabbing
Visceral Pain
- Originates from organs within the body.
- Gradual in onset and tends to last longer than other types of pain.
- Occurs from conditions such as chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bladder distention, and cancer.
- Generally described as dull, cramping, or aching and lasts for a long duration.
Somatic Pain
- Pain emanating from the skin, muscles, joints, and bones.
- Occurs from conditions such as sunburn, lacerations, fractures, sprains, arthritis, and bone cancer.
- Generally sharp, burning, stabbing, localized, and lasts for a short duration.
Radiating Pain
- Extends from the source of pain (injury) to an adjacent area of the body.
- Example: gastroesophageal reflux. Pain originates in the stomach and radiates up the esophagus
Neuropathic Pain
- Originates from nerve injury.
- Pain continues even after the painful stimuli is gone.
- Sensations may include numbness, tingling, burning, aching, crushing, stabbing, or shooting.
Other associated conditions include:
Hyperalgesia (excessive sensitivity)
Hyperpathia (greatly exaggerated pain reaction to stimuli)
• Associated with tumors, infection, chemotherapy, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accident (such a stroke), viral infections, carpal tunnel syndrome, andphantom limb pain(brain continues to receive messages following amputation of a limb).
Referred Pain
- Felt in a location of the body other than where it originated.
- Originates in internal organs, but is often felt in other locations.
- Example: pain from the pancreas is felt in the back, or pain from a heart attack is felt in the jaw or left arm.
Psychogenic Pain
- Pain perceived by a person when there is no physical cause for pain.
- Caused, increased, or prolonged by mental, emotional, or behavioral factors.
- Sensations may include headache, back pain, stomach pain.
Acute Pain
- Rapid onset.
- Short duration (less than 6 months).
- Subsides with healing of injury.
- Associated with trauma, obstetrical labor, acute distress, or trauma.
Chronic Pain
- Persistent pain.
- Long duration (greater than 6 months).
- May be episodic or continuous.
- May lead to disability.
- Associated with arthritis, fibromyalgia, and neuropathy.
Breakthrough pain
- is an increase in pain when chronic pain already exists.
- Breakthrough pain is associated with surgery, injury, or a fluctuation in pain from an existing condition, such as cancer.
- Transient; moderate to severe
- Occurs beyond treated pain
- Usually rapid onset and brief duration with variable frequency and intensity
Dysesthesia
unpleasant, abnormal sensation
Allodynia
pain from non-injury stimuli
is a type of neuropathic pain (nerve pain). People with allodynia are extremely sensitive to touch. Things that don’t usually cause pain can be very painful. These may include cold temperatures, brushing hair or wearing a cotton t-shirt.
Hyperalgesia
is when you have extreme sensitivity to pain. If you have this condition, your body overreacts to painful stimuli, making you feel increased pain.
Hyperpathia
greatly exaggerated pain reaction to stimuli
Nociceptors
- the free endings of afferent nerve fibers.
- They are sensory neurons
- sensitive to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli.
Nociception
process by which pain, triggered by noxious stimuli, is conducted from the periphery to the central nervous system
Pattern theory
physiological basis of pain,
Patterns of stimulation of nerve endings determined whether the brain interprets stimuli as pain
Gate control theory of pain
thoughts and emotions influence an individual’s perception of pain.
A gating mechanism exists The interplay of signals at this gate determines whether painful stimuli are stopped or go on to the brain.
If the impulses are not transmitted to the brain, there is no perception of pain.
Neuromatrix Theory
Contemporary pain theory proposing that pain is a multidimensional experience controlled by a body-self neuromatrix.
network of neurons that is unique and affected by that person’s physical, psychological, cognitive, and life experiences.
Six Rights
Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation
Adherence helps prevent med errors
Non-pharmacologic interventions
are those employed in conjunction with or in place of prescribed pharmacologic pain management strategies. These are usually independent nursing interventions and do not require a provider’s order.
Yoga
Yoga uses slow stretching and deep breathing to bring the body into balance and the mind into focus on something other than pain.
Yoga is used to:
Build strength
Release muscle tension
Improve flexibility
Biofeedback
Biofeedback is a technique used to take control over body responses to pain through:
Voluntary control over physiologic body activities, such as relieving muscle tension
Hypnosis
Altering the state of consciousness to modify memory and perception of pain
Reducing cortical activation associated with painful stimuli
