11-12 Flashcards
(23 cards)
a branch of public international law consisting of those
substantive, procedural, and institutional rules which have as their primary objective the protection of
the environment. The term “environment” is understood as encompassing both creatures and
products of the natural world and those of human civilization
International Environmental Law
denotes the duty of states in view of not damaging the environment.
Principle of Good Neighborliness
requires that, if there is a strong suspicion that a certain activity
may have environmentally harmful consequences, it is better to control that activity now rather than to wait for incontrovertible scientific evidence
Precautionary Approach/Principle
This principle is that those who commence the act of pollution shall bear the cost of its management and prevention so that it does not harm the environment and human beings. The 1992 Rio Declaration has recognised the polluter pays principle. The primary arena of this principle is land, air, and water. We all know how much greenhouse gases have affected our environment. This principle can be applied to greenhouse gases. The principle can be implemented through a carbon price. The carbon price is a small charge which is paid by greenhouse gas emitters equivalent to the corresponding potential cost caused through future climate change, thus forcing emitters to internalize the cost of pollution
Polluter Pays Principle
An approach to economic planning that attempts to foster
economic growth while preserving the quality of the environment for future generations. Despite its
enormous popularity in the last two decades of the 20th century, the concept of sustainable development proved difficult to apply in many cases, primarily because the results of long-term sustainability analyses depend on the particular resources
Principle of Sustainable Development
Is a process having the ultimate objective of providing
decision-makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their actions. It is applied
internationally as a preventive environmental management tool to ensure that proposed actions are
economically viable, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable.
Environment Impact Assessment Principle
describes fairness in access to and use of planetary resources across
time. It is founded on two types of relationships: the relationship between each generation and all
other generations—past, present, and future—as part of a community with equal rights to natural
resources and the relationship between the human community and the natural system, of which humans are a part
Principle of Intergenerational Equity
common aim of all states should be
protecting the environment, but having said that, certain states owing to their different ecological
systems, physical appearances, geographical features might have to take more responsibility than
other states. The basic idea of this principle is that all states should follow and obey international laws
on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and
respective capacities
Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility
Strong economic ties among nations would support global stability, peace, and prosperity. And
they believed that adherence to a common set of disciplines on government behavior as it relates to
trade would reap benefits for the members of their respective societies while enabling nations to
rebuild their economies. Today they are joined by a total of 164 Members (as of July 2016) in the
WTO, the institution under which the GATT was subsumed on January 1, 1995.
Principle of Non-Discrimination
The adverse consequences of their lawful activities are relatively well developed at a general level, and are also reflected in the Articles on State Responsibility adopted by the International Law Commission (ILC) in 2001.
Strict Liability Theory
It provides a fine-grained analysis of the main legal bases for the determination of due diligence in this field. It shows that the progressive recognition of this duty has evolved hand in hand with the recognition of the need to protect the environment.
Test of Due Diligence
is essentially the phenomenon of segregating, grouping, and ranking people based on differences in class, race, economic status, and other categories.
Social Stratification
There are various theories which attempt to explain the dynamics and impacts of stratification among
people in the world, especially in the context of their power to tap on resources and maximize these
toward development and toward having a better quality of life.
Perspectives in Global Stratification
this theory suggests that all societies undergo a similar process of
evolution-from agricultural, industrial, and urbanized and modern-that is motivated and catalyzed by internal factors. It hints that more than external influences, internal processes within states are
responsible for social change.
Modernization Theory
according to Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer (thus, Prebish- Singer
hypothesis), the dependency theories suggest that countries are either “core” (developed) or
“peripheral” (developing) such that resources tend to flow from peripherals to the core.
Dependency Theory
According to Wallerstein (1975), speaking about a world system composed of
boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. This world system is
assumed to “comprise a single capitalist world-economy” (Graf, 1980, p.29) so to speak.
World System
global disparities, often due to stratification due to differing economic affluence but can also be in other aspects of globalization
Global Divide
a state of political tension and rivalry, from the mid-1940s to early 1990s.
Cold War
comprised by the industrial/capitalist US and the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO), which include United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy among others;
Western Bloc
(Albania, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Afghanistan), led by the communist/socialist Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Eastern Bloc
countries included in the Western Bloc
First World Coutries
countries included in the Eastern Bloc
Second world countries
in the article of Sauvy titled Trois Mondes, Une Planète (Three Worlds, One Planet) were he stated that Third World to the Third Estates are the French commoners-whose suffering and upheaval led to the French revolution.
Third World Coutries
