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4U BIO > 1.1/1.2 > Flashcards

1.1/1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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2
Q

Radioisotope

A

An unstable isotope that decays over time by emitting radiation

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3
Q

Molecule

A

A substance composed of two or more non-metal atoms that are covalently bonded together

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4
Q

Organic Molecule

A

A carbon-containing molecule in which carbon atoms are nearly always bonded to each other and to hydrogen

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5
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the activity and the properties of biologically important molecules

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6
Q

Intramolecular

A

Occurring between atoms within a molecule

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7
Q

Intermolecular

A

Occurring between atoms of different molecules

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8
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak association between an atom with partial negative charge and a hydrogen atom with partial positive charge

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-fearing, referring to non-polar molecules that do not have attractive interaction with water molecules

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10
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving, referring to polar molecules that have attractive interactions with water molecules

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11
Q

Ion

A

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge

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12
Q

Functional Group

A

An atom or group of atoms attached to a molecule that gives the molecule particular chemical and physical properties

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13
Q

6 Elements of Life

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phophorus

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14
Q

Which elements have a high electronegativity?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine

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15
Q

Which elements have a low electronegativity?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus

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16
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

An unequal sharing of electrons between elements that results in partial charges being formed

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17
Q

What happens when oil and water are mixed?

A

The oil will clump together because it is non-polar and cannot interact with the polar water molecules. It is hydrophobic.

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18
Q

Which molecules tend to be hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar molecules

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19
Q

Which molecules tend to be hydrophilic?

A

Polar Molecules

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20
Q

What is the hydrophobic effect?

A

The natural clumping together of non-polar molecules in water.

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21
Q

What is the importance of H+ ions?

A

Critical for many biological processes including cellular respiration.

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22
Q

What is the importance of Na+ ions?

A

They are part of transport mechanisms that enable specific molecules to enter cells.

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23
Q

What is special about the covalent bonds between H and C?

A

They are ‘energy-rich’ and therefore release a large amount of energy when bonds are broken.

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24
Q

What atoms do functional groups tend to contain?

A

Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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25
What does the functional group give to the molecule that it is bonded to?
The same chemical properties that the functional group has.
26
Hydroxyl
Structural Formula: OH- Properties: Polar Found In: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
27
Carbonyl
Structural Formula: C=O Properties: Polar Found In: Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids *when the carbonyl is on a terminal carbon it is called aldehyde and when it is on any carbon not at the end of a chain it is called a ketone*
28
Carboxyl
Structural Formula: OH-C=O Properties: Polar, Acidic (proton donator) Found In: Lipids, Proteins
29
Amino
Structural Formula: NH2 Properties: Polar, Basic (proton acceptor) Found In: Proteins, Nucleic Acids
30
Sulfhydryl
Structural Formula: S-H Properties: Slightly Polar Found In: Proteins *as part of a side chain in an amino acid, sulfhydryls are critical in forming disulphide bridges that help proteins hold their proper shape*
31
Phosphate
Structural Formula: PO4 Properties: Polar, Negatively Charged Found In: Nucleic Acids
32
Molecular Formula
Shows the number of each type of atom in an element or compound
33
Structural Formula
Shows how the different atoms of a molecule are bonded together using single and double bonds
34
Macromolecules
A large, complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together
35
Polymers
A large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers) that are linked together by covalent bonds
36
Monomer
The smallest repeating unit of a polymer
37
Four Main Biological Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
38
Carbohydrate
A biological macromolecules that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
39
Monosaccharide
A carbohydrate that has between 3 and 7 carbon atoms
40
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose (blood sugar), Fructose (fruit sugar), Galactose (sugar in milk)
41
Isomer
One of two or more molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different structural arrangements
42
Examples of Isomers
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
43
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
44
Glycosidic Linkage
The covalent bond between monosaccharides which forms between specific hydroxyl groups on each monosaccharide
45
Examples of Disaccharides
Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose), Lactose (Galactose + Glucose), Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
46
Polysaccharide
A carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms
47
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch (Amylose), Glycogen, Cellulose
48
Difference between Amylose (starch) and Cellulose
In amylose all the units are oriented in the same direction but with cellulose they alternate direction
49
What two positions exist for the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 of glucose?
Alpha: H on top and OH on bottom (HOH), results in starch Beta: OH on top and H on bottom (OHH), results in cellulose
50
Lipid
A biological macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds
51
Why do lipids provide more energy than carbohydrates?
Greater proportion of carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to oxygen than in carbohydrates.
52
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
Large amount of non-polar hydrogen and carbon bonds
53
How are lipids crucial to life?
1) Insulate against heat loss. 2) Form Protective Cushion Around Major Organs 3) Major Component of Cell Membranes
54
Triglyceride
A lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds
55
Ester Linkage
Bond between the hydroxyl group on a glycerol molecule and the carboxyl group on a fatty acid
56
Fatty Acid
A hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group
57
Saturated Fatty Acids
- no double bonds between carbon atoms - animal fats - solid at room temperature
58
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- has one or more double bonds between carbons meaning there is less hydrogen and molecule has a kink - plant fat - liquid at room temperature - one double bond (monounsaturated), two or more double bonds (polyunsaturated)
59
Cis and Trans At Double Bonds in Triglycerides
Cis: Hydrogens are on the same side at a double bond Trans: hydrogens are on opposite sides
60
Phospholipid
A lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group. *Main components of cell membranes.*
61
Describe the interaction between the head and tail of a phospholipid.
- the head contains the polar phosphate group so it is hydrophilic - the tail contains the non-polar hydrocarbons of the fatty acids and it is hydrophobic - therefore the hydrophobic tails are directed to the inside where they interact with other tails and the hydrophilic heads face outward toward the aqueous environment
62
Lipid Bilayer
A structure with hydrophilic "heads" of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic "tails" directed toward the centre, interacting with each other.
63
Steroid
A lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings.
64
Wax
Lipids composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature.
65
Protein
A biological macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds.
66
Different Functions of Proteins (6)
1) Catalyzing Chemical Reactions: Enzymes 2) Providing Structural Support; Collagen, Keratin 3) Transporting Substances in Body: Hemoglobin 4) Enabling Organisms to Move: Actin and Myosin 5) Regulating Cellular Processes: Hormones 6) Providing Defence From Disease: Antibodies
67
Amino Acid
An organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group
68
Where do the properties of an amino acid result from considering their underlying structure is the same?
The R group (Radical Group) or Side Chain that is different for all 20 amino acids.
69
Peptide Bonds
Covalent Bonds Between Amino Acids That Form Between the Carboxyl Group on One and the Amino Group on Another
70
Polypeptide
A polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by covalent bonds
71
Four levels of structure/organization for proteins
1) Primary Structure 2) Secondary Structure 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary
72
Primary Structure Of Proteins
Linear sequence of amino acids with polar peptide bonds making hydrogen bonding possible
73
Secondary Structure of a Protein
Hydrogen bonding where a polypeptide can form a coil like shape... 1) Alpha Helix: Folded fan-like shape, pig's tail 2) Beta Pleated Sheet: Accordion shape
74
Tertiary Structure of Proteins
- Folding of secondary structure as the peptide bonds and the different R groups in a polypeptide chain interact with each other and the aqueous environment of the cell . - Hydrophobic effect: Polar hydrophilic groups will be directed toward the aqueous environment, while non-polar hydrophobic groups will tend to be directed toward the interior
75
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
Joining of Separate Chains
76
Denaturation
The unfolding of proteins
77
Nucleic Acid
Biological macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers
78
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose
79
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose
80
Nucleotide
An organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base
81
Makeup of DNA
- deoxyribose sugar (5 carbons) - phosphate group - nitrogenous base: guanine, adenine, thymine, cytosine - two strands twisted to form double helix
82
Makeup of RNA
- ribose sugar (5 carbons) - phosphate group - nitrogenous bases: guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil - single-stranded
83
Phosphodiester Bond
Covalent bond between adjacent nucleotide occurring between phosphate group on one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide
84
Structural Isomer
Isomers with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
85
Stereoisomers
Isomers with the same arrangement of atoms but with a different orientation in space
86
Functions of Carbohydrates
- provide energy | - cellulose provides structural support in plants
87
Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA: stores genetic info of an organism RNA: participates in protein synthesis
88
What solution is used to test for carbohydrates?
Benedict's Reagent (Blue, Light Green, Green to Yellow, Orange, Red to Red-Brown)
89
What solution is used to test for starch?
Lugol's Solution (iodine will turn blue-black)
90
What is used to test for lipids?
Translucent Lipid Test (Paper bag that becomes translucent when dry)
91
What solution is used to test for proteins?
Biuret Reagent (Blue, Pink (+), Violet (++), Purple(+++))

4U BIO (11 decks)

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