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Ethology > 11/12. Preventive behavioural medicine > Flashcards

11/12. Preventive behavioural medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-purchase counselling for owners: What makes a suitable pet?

A
  1. No appreciable risk of harm to the community or the environment
  2. Adequately meet the needs of the species within captivity
  3. Suitable interactions with humans to ensure continued commitment
  • For common companion species:
  • Breed
  • Health
  • Morphology
  • Behaviour
  • Age
  • Energy
  • Training
  • Health concerns
  • Sex differences
  • Source
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2
Q

Ethical Sourcing; where should dogs come from?

A
  • ‘Adopt don’t shop’ is a great concept, but not realistic – for dogs
  • Only use breeders that prioritize good health, behaviour and welfare
    standards
  • Does large-scale necessarily mean that the breeder is bad?
  • Beware of importation
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3
Q
  • Sources of further information for clients, for pre-puchase info
A
  • Kennel clubs
  • Humane organizations (eg. ASPCA, BCSPCA)
  • Online breed selector programs
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4
Q

Overview of early behaviour education for clients

A
  1. Appropriate socialization
  2. Appropriate training methods
  3. Meeting behavioural needs
  4. Pet-proofing
  5. Early behaviour issues
    * Housetraining (covered later), jumping up, puppy biting/chewing, kitten rough play
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5
Q

What is the MOST CRITICAL topic to cover during early appointments?

A

behaviour-related topics

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6
Q

Socialization for puppies and kittens; how do we do it, why is it important

A

Appropriate early exposure is critical to normal development
* Promoting normal development of social and exploratory behaviours through early exposure to a variety of different people, animals, places and things – socialization

Early learning key to prevention of behaviour problems
* Safe objects and environments
* Appropriate social partners
* Appropriate species-typical behaviours

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7
Q

Sensitive periods; what are they? what happens once they close?

A
  • Attachments and familiarity develop relatively easily and rapidly
  • Starts with social and environmental exploration
  • Once close, new things are treated with suspicion, slower process
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8
Q

sensitive periods for cats and dogs; when are they?

A
  • Puppies – 3 to 16 weeks
  • Kittens – 2 to 9 weeks
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9
Q

Canine Behavioural Development

A
  • Neonatal – first 2 weeks
  • Mainly sleeping and nursing, seeking tactile contact
  • Transition – 2-3 weeks
  • Eyes and ears open, become mobile, start interactions, eating solid
    foods
  • Socialization – 3 to 12(-16* said in previous slide?) weeks
  • Maturation of motor skills and nervous system
  • Imprinting – dog identification and learning social limits
  • 5-8 weeks optimum for socialization
  • 8-14 weeks stranger danger develops, also parallel fear of objects
  • Juvenile period
  • Reinforcement of socialization and environmental complexity necessary
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10
Q

Feline Behavioural Development

A
  • Neonatal – first week
  • Eating, sleep, basic interactions with mother and littermates
  • Transitional – second week
  • Begins adult forms of eating and locomotion, emergence of
    social behaviours
  • Socialization – 2 to 7(-9** from last slide) weeks
  • Formation of social bonds/familiarity
  • Adolescent
  • Maturation of motor skills
  • Ongoing socialization
  • Adoption ideally at 10-16 weeks?
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11
Q

Inadequate socialization - Dogs; how does it occur?

A

Complete isolation from humans
* Withdrawal from humans starting after 5 weeks
* Intractable fear of humans after 14 weeks

Hand-rearing with isolation from other dogs
* After 12 weeks, passive with peers leading to later aggression
* Altered interactions with humans

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12
Q

how much socialization is required to avoid inadequate socialization?

A
  • Only minutes of exposure per day is necessary to ameliorate extreme effects
  • But reduced exposure to particular stimuli results in increased fear and aggression
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13
Q

Inadequate socialization - Cats; when does this occur? what are the results? how to avoid?

A
  • Increased human avoidance when handling occurs outside of the 2-7 week period
  • More handling associated with increased friendliness in adulthood
    > Upper limit of ~1 hour per day
  • Enhanced socialization results in reduced fear in response to humans
    in adult cats
  • Kittens exposed to puppies from 4 weeks of age showed no fear at 12 weeks of age, those unexposed very fearful
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14
Q

Fear-related issues

A
  • Reduced welfare
  • Related behaviour problems
  • Eg. Aggression, noise phobia, house-soiling
  • Consequences of behaviour problems and reduced bonding with pet
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15
Q

Benefits of socialization for veterinary care

A

Well-socialized pets will be easier to handle for both the owner and veterinary staff
* More complete physical exams
* More accurate diagnostics with reduced stress
* Easier to deliver treatments and increased client compliance * Owner more likely to bring pet to the vet

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16
Q

when should we tell owners about sensitive period?

A

Engage owners at first appointment
* Sensitive period is a limited window and occurs early
* Ends 12-16 weeks for puppies, 7-9 weeks for kittens
* Many owners aren’t aware of socialization requirements or are misinformed about risks
* Veterinarians are the only consistent exposure that puppy and kitten owners have during this time
* One of the most trusted sources of information

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17
Q

Effects of age of adoption for puppies

A
  • Compared 3—40 days versus 70 days, higher rates of various behaviour problems in early weaned dogs
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18
Q

for socialization; What about older puppies and kittens?

A

For well-socialized animals
* Socialization should continue throughout the life of the animal

For poorly socialized animals
* Most won’t have complete deprivation, so some base to build on
* Will take longer with more effort, lack of generalization
* Particularly important for experiences to be positive

19
Q

what types of stimuli should a puppy or kitten be exposed to during their sensitive period?

A
  • Everything the puppy or kitten is likely to encounter later in life
  • Use checklists
  • Open discussion on lifestyle with owners
  • Consider what life might be like over next 10 years
  • People
  • Dogs/cats
  • Environments
  • Sounds
  • Surfaces
  • Handling
  • Transportation
20
Q

Managing disease risks and safety concerns for socialization period; risks of disease? how to manage with vaccines?

A
  • There are disease and safety risks associated with socialization activities… but the risk of serious behaviour problems without proper socialization is much higher!
  • Risk of contracting canine parvovirus, but probably small based on studies
  • Encourage owners to start vaccine series as early as possible
    > Wait 1 week after first vaccination for titre to build
  • Prior to this, socialize but stick to safe activities
  • After this, start moderately safe activities
  • Following complete series, expand to more ‘risky’ activities
21
Q

after first vaccination, how should we manage risks of socialization?

A

Choose safe dogs for socialization
* Fully vaccinated adults that play gently
* Healthy puppies with at least first vaccination

Choose safe environments
* Puppy classes with appropriate cleaning and vaccination
requirements
* Low traffic areas where potentially unsafe dogs can be avoided
* Avoid the dog park and other busy areas where control is limited

22
Q

Managing disease risks and safety concerns - caveats

A
  • Disease risks can vary by region and with season
  • Be aware of risks in your area
23
Q

Primary goal of good puppy classes

A
  • Primary goal of good puppy classes is socialization
  • Safe environment with various staged encounters
  • Many owners aren’t aware of this
  • Not all classes offer these opportunities
  • Kitten classes are also available, but not as common
24
Q

Choosing a puppy/kitten class

A
  • Encourage owners to ask lots of questions
  • All puppies should have at least first vaccination
  • Clean and free of potential dangers
  • Positive-reinforcement based methods
  • Good rapport with instructors
  • AVSAB handout on finding a trainer
25
Q

puppy class expected outcomes

A
  • Puppy class attendance
    ↑ positive response to stranger (Kutsumi, 2003)
    ↑ retention in the home (Duxbury, 2003)
    ↑ response to commands (Seksel et al., 1999)
    ↑ social exposure of puppies (Cutler et al., 2017)
    ↓ signs of fear of noises and of crate (Cutler et al., 2017)
    ↓ use of punishment-based methods (Cutler et a., 2017)
26
Q

Proper methods for socialization

A
  • Make experiences positive for the puppy or kitten
  • Gradual, passive exposure
  • Limit the number of stimuli at one time
  • Pay attention for signs of fear
  • Appropriate rest and down time
  • Pair exposure with good things like food and attention
  • Train owners to manage situations, and to recognize fear and avoid it
27
Q

What does a fearful kitten look like?

A

Fear behaviour:
* Hissing, open mouth
* Piloerection
* Arched posture
* Ears and whiskers back
* Pupil dilation

Avoidance behaviour:
* Struggling or moving away
* Refusing treats

Contrast with engaged behaviour:
* Ears, whiskers and posture forward

28
Q

What does a fearful puppy look like?

A

Fear behaviour:
* Lowered posture
* Ears back
* Tail tucked
* Freezing and barking
* Subtle behaviours like lip licking, paw lifting, panting,
yawning and flinching

Avoidance behaviour:
* Struggling or moving away
* Refusing treats

29
Q

What if the puppy or kitten is showing signs of fear? How to respond?

A
  • Some fear is normal
  • How to respond?
  • Don’t coddle and immediately rescue, but be kind and remove if they escalate
  • Encourage approach using vocal cues and gestures, and luring them with treats and toys (if fearful and won’t approach on own)
  • Use desensitization and counter-conditioning for persistent fears
30
Q

When should clients seek further help for fear?

A
  • Exaggerated, persistent, or inappropriate fear given the context
  • Signs of emerging aggression:
  • Growling, lip-lifting, inhibited or actual bites in puppies
  • Outside of the context of play
  • Persistent defensive behaviours in kittens
  • Discuss with client whether behaviour warrants assistance from a trainer versus a veterinary behaviorist
31
Q

when is sensitive period for puppies and kittens? what is needed during this period for normal behavioural development?

A
  • Sensitive period is 3-16 weeks for puppies and 2-9 weeks for kittens
  • For normal behavioural development, positive exposure to everything in normal life is necessary during this period
  • Lack of socialization can lead to fear, aggression, and other related behaviour problems
32
Q

Learn to earn programs; what are they?

A

prevent behavioural problems

  • Make the puppy work for everything
  • No meals – use all for for training (extreme use)
  • Develop consistent rules and reinforce them
  • Rewards for correct behaviours, ignore/redirect incorrect behaviours
  • Can also do training with cats
33
Q

Destructive behaviours, hyperactivity, separation anxiety, abnormal repetitive behaviours, attention-seeking behaviour, rough play

=>often have what root?

A

Many behaviour and welfare issues rooted in inadequate mental and physical stimulation

34
Q

Exercise needs for dogs

A
  • Depends on the breed – not correlated with size
  • Minimum 15 minutes 2x/day, most need more
  • Working breeds/younger dogs need more duration/intensity
  • Should be consistent and predictable
35
Q

Cats – indoor vs outdoor

A

Indoor:
* Lower risk of injury and disease
* Eliminate impacts on bird and small mammal populations
* Municipal bylaws
* Nuisance to others

Outdoor:
* Enhanced exercise
* Enhanced stimulation
* Decreased risk of behaviour problems?
* BUT we can meet many of these needs safely without free roaming

36
Q

AAFP Guidelines on Environmental Needs for cats
5 Pillars

A
  1. Provide a safe place
  2. Provide multiple and separated key environmental resources
  3. Provide opportunity for play and predatory behaviour
  4. Provide positive, consistent, and predictable human-cat social interaction
  5. Provide an environment that respects the importance of the cat’s sense of smell
37
Q

purpose of pet-proofing

A

Key to preventing development of problem behaviours
* Destruction, housetraining

Remove potential issues to keep them out of trouble
* Tether when not directly monitoring
* Safe rooms – close doors, use baby gates
* Crate training

38
Q

Dealing with ‘unruly’ behaviours; general strategies

A

General management strategies:
* Be aware of arousal levels – stop play when puppy/kitten gets too excited
* Interrupt and redirect to an appropriate outlet (eg. enrichment)
* Negative punishment to reduce the behaviour

39
Q

how to deal with jumping up?

A
  • Interrupt jumping behaviour, require sit for treat or attention
  • Can also remove interactions with jumping
40
Q

how to deal with Puppy biting and chewing

A

Teach bite inhibition, plus provide appropriate outlets for chewing to prevent chewing on people and inappropriate objects

41
Q

how to avoid kitten rough play

A
  • Same general techniques as for puppies with interrupting and redirecting onto appropriate items
  • Never use hands and feet for play – toys instead
42
Q

how to avoid kitten scratching

A
  • Appropriate monitoring
  • Provide appropriate scratching outlets and train to use them
  • Make other items unattractive
43
Q
  • Preventing behaviour problems hinges on
A
  • Appropriate early exposure
  • Appropriate mental and physical stimulation
  • Proper management to prevent bad behaviour
  • Early training for learn to earn, and ‘unruly’ behaviour issues
  • Much easier to prevent problems than to fix them!

Ethology (17 decks)

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