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Biology test 1 > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells or cell products
  2. the cell is the smallest unit of life
    3.cells only arise from pre-existing cellsž
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2
Q

exceptions to cell theory

A
  1. striated muscle challenges the idea that a cell has 1 nucleus
  2. aseptate fungal hyphae challenges the idea that a cell is a single unit
  3. giant algae challenges the idea that cells must be simple in structure
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3
Q

common features of cells

A
  1. surrounded by membrane
  2. contain genetic material
  3. chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes happen inside
  4. have their own energy release system
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4
Q

functions of life

A

metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

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5
Q

excretion in paramecium and chlorella

A

plasma membrane controls the entry and exit of substances including expulsion of metabolic waste

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6
Q

homeostasis in paramecium and chlorella

A

contractile vacuole fill up with water and expel it through the plasma membrane to manage water content

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7
Q

nutrition in paramecium

A

food vacuoles contain organisms paramecium has consumed

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8
Q

nutrition in chlorella

A

photosynthesis happens inside the chloroplasts to provide algae with food

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9
Q

reproduction in paramecium and chlorella

A

nucleus can divide to support cell division by mitosis (asexual)

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10
Q

metabolism in paramecium and chlorella

A

most metabolic pathways happen in cytoplasm

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11
Q

response in paramecium

A

the wave action of the cilia moves the paramecium in response to changes in the environment (towards food)

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12
Q

response in chlorella

A

the wave action of the cilia moves the chlorella in response to changes in the environment (towards light)

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13
Q

growth in paramecium and chlorella

A

after consuming and assimilating biomass from food, they get larger until they devide

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14
Q

magnification

A

the number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object

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15
Q

magnification formula

A

image size/real size

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16
Q

short diffusion distance benefits

A
  1. diffusion pathways are shorter
  2. more efficient
    3, concentration gradients are easier to generate
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17
Q

***what is better: large or small SA:Vol ratio

A

large, because for every unit of volume that requires nutrients or produces waste, there is more membrane to serve it

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18
Q

examples of largening SA:Vol ratio

A
  1. alveoli in lungs - thin membranes maximize surface for gas exchange
  2. root hairs - maximize SA for water uptake
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19
Q

the rate of material and heat exchange is a function of ?

A

its SA

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20
Q

the rate of metabolism of a cell is a function of ?

A

its volume

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21
Q

compartmentalization of cells

A

formation of compartments within the cell by membrane-bound organelles

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22
Q

emergent properties

A

the characteristics of the whole organism, including the fact that it is alive; property of a system as a whole

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23
Q

reductionist approach

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A

studying each part of a system separately, useful for molecular biology

24
Q

levels

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A

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems of organs, organisms

25
division of labour
the development of cells in different ways to carry out specific funstions
26
tissue
a group of cells specialized in the same way to perform the same action
27
expression of a gene
when a gene is being used in a cell
28
***genome
individual instructions (genes) all at once
29
specialization
the activation of different instructions in specific cells, getting distinctive functionalities
30
euchromatin
active genes are packed and expanded in accessible form
31
heterochromatin
inactive genes are packed in a condensed form
32
differentiation begins with ?
gene expression
33
why don't sex cells have the same general gene book
because they're haploid
34
stem cells
unspecialized cells that can: 1. continuously divide and replicate (self-renewal) 2. have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell-types (potency)
35
***totipotent
can differentiate into any type of cell - embryonic
36
***pluripotent
can differentiate into many types of cells - embryonic
37
***multipotent
can differentiate into a few closely related types of cells - adult stem cells
38
***unipotent
can regenerate, but can only differentiate into their associated cell type - adult stem cells
39
main characteristics of stem cells
self-renewal and potency
40
stem cells can be found in ?
bone marrow, liver, skin
41
stem cells have limited repair in ?
heart, brain and kidneys
42
***steps of use of stem cells for therapeutic uses
1. stem cells are extracted form an appropriate source 2. biochemical solutions trigger cell differentiation 3. new cells are implanted into the host's tissue 4. immune system is supposed to prevent rejection (immuno-surpresent) they look for fever 5. new cells monitored to ensure they are not cancerous
43
Stargardt's disease
genetic, 6-12, due to mutation of gene ABCA4, photoreceptive cells in retina degenerate, vision worsens, blindness
44
Leukemia
cancer of the blood or bone marrow, resulting in too many poor functioning leukocytes
45
levels of leukocytes
4,000-11,000 - normal 30,000 - leukemia 100,000 - acute leukemia
46
chemotherapy for leukemia
1. a large needle is inserted into pelvis and fluid is removed from the bone marrow 2. stem cells are extracted from this fluid and stored by freezing 3. chemo drugs given to patient to kill cancer in bone marrow (b.m. loses ability to produce leukocytes) 4. stem cells returned, they start to produce blood cells
47
hematopoetic stem cells
harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical blood cord, differentiate to form new healthy blood cells
48
Parkinson's
degenerative disease caused by the death of dopamine-secreting cells, uncontrollable movements
49
treatment of Parkinson's
replacing dead cells in the midbrain with functioning ones
50
***embryonic stem cells
almost unlimited growth potential higher tumor risk can differentiate into any type less chance of genetic damage likely to be genetically different from an adult recieving tissue removal of cells kills embryo
51
***cord blood stem cells
reduced growth potential lower tumor risk limited capacity to differentiate no rejection problems umbilical cord is discarded anyways easily stored and obtained
52
***adult stem cells
reduced growth potential lower tumor risk limited capacity to differentiate fully compatible, no rejection doesn't kill an adult difficult to obtain
53
***arguments for therapeutic cloning
1- stem cell research leads to future discoveries and beneficial tech 2. may be used to cure serious diseases and dissabilites 3. less likely to be rejected as they're cells which are genetically identical to the parent 4. transplants don't require death of another human or inflecting any kind of pressure on body function 5. stem cells can be taken from embryos that have stopped developing and would have died anyway (abortions) 6. cells are taken at a stage where the embryo has no nervous system and can feel no pain 7. stem cells can be created without the need for fertilisation and destruction of natural human embryos - induced pluripotent cells
54
***arguments against therapeutic cloning
1. involves the creation and destruction of human embryos (at what point do we afford the right to life?) 2. may develop into cancerous cells and cause tumor, bc of continued division 3. more embryos generally produced than needed - excess embryos are killed 4. with additional cost and effort, alternative tech may fulfill similar roles 5. religious or moral objections due to 'playing god' argument 6. the embryo could potentially be used in IVF and develop into human fetus, so we are creating human life to destroy it? 7. potential for a race to clone the first human
55
***nuclear reprogramming
introducing nuclei into a new cytoplasmic environment, so that cell of the body turns into s pluripotent stem cell

Biology test 1 (4 decks)

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