1.1 A Tour of the Cell

Question 1

2 domains of prokaryotes

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

4 eukaryotic (domain eukarya) kingdoms

Answer 2

Protists, fungi, plants, animals

Question 3

6 characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 3

No nucleus, DNA in a nucleoid, circular DNA, no organelles other than ribosomes, small size, more primitive

Question 4

5 characteristics of eukaryotes

Answer 4

Has nucleus and nuclear envelope, linear DNA, membrane-bound organelle with specialized structure/function, much larger in size, more complex

Question 5

Characteristics of nucleus

Answer 5

Contains DNA and mRNA, surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (nuclear envelope; double membrane), nuclear pores, Chromatin, nucleolus

Question 5

4 similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 5

Cell membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm (cytosol)

Question 6

Function of nucleus

Answer 6

Controls and regulates the activities of the cell

Question 7

Function of Nuclear Pores

Answer 7

Regulates what enters and leaves the nucleus

Question 8

Function of Chromatin

Answer 8

Condenses DNA, complex of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

Question 8

Function of cell membrane

Answer 8

Regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell

Question 9

Function of Nucleolus

Answer 9

Region where ribosomal subunits (rRNA and proteins) are formed

Question 10

Cell membrane composition

Answer 10

Phospholipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 11

Function of ribosomes

Answer 11

Protein synthesis (free and bound)

Question 12

Ribosomes in prokaryotes

Answer 12

70S, 50S large subunit and 30S small subunit

Question 13

Ribosomes in eukaryotes

Answer 13

80S, 60S large subunit and 40S small subunit

Question 14

Function of free ribosomes

Answer 14

Float in cytosol, produce proteins used within the cell

Question 15

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

Ribosomes bound to surface, package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane

Question 16

Function of bound ribosomes

Answer 16

Attached to Rough ER, make proteins for export from cell

Question 17

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

No ribosomes bound to surface, synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs and poisons, storage of Ca2+

Question 18

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 18

Synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport, produce lysosomes

Question 19

Cisternae

Answer 19

Series of flattened membrane sacs in Golgi; Cis face receives vesicles, Trans face ships vesicles

Question 20

Function of lysosomes

Answer 20

Intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis); contains hydrolytic enzymes (break down proteins, lipids etc.)

Question 21

Vacuole in plant cells

Answer 21

Large central vacuole that stores water and ions

Question 21

Function of vacuoles

Answer 21

Storage of materials; membrane-bound vesicles

Question 22

Function of mitochondria

Answer 22

Site of cellular respiration

Question 23

Features of mitochondria

Answer 23

Double membrane; outer and inner membrane, cristae, matrix

Question 23

Cristae

Answer 23

Folds of inner membrane that contain enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area for ATP production

Question 24

3 Evidence of Endosymbiont theory

Answer 24

Double-membrane structure, have own ribosomes and DNA, reproduce independently within cell

Question 24

Matrix

Answer 24

Fluid-filled inner compartment of mitochondria that contains mitochondrial DNA

Question 24

Function of chloroplast

Answer 24

Site of photosynthesis

Question 24

Features of chloroplast

Answer 24

Double membrane, thylakoid disks in stacks (grana), stroma (fluid), contains chlorophyll (pigments) for capturing sunlight

Question 25

Function of centrosomes (microtubule organizing center)

Answer 25

Region from which microtubules grow (animal cells contain centrioles)

Question 25

Endosymbiont theory

Answer 25

Mitochondria and chloroplasts share similar origins and prokaryotic cells were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells

Question 26

Function of cytoskeleton

Answer 26

Provides structural support, motility (movement), and regulate biochemical activities

Question 26

3 types of cytoskeleton fibers

Answer 26

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 27

Function of cilia

Answer 27

Locomotion and move fluids (short and numerous)

Question 27

Function of flagella

Answer 27

Propel through water (long and few)

Question 28

Function of cell wall (PC)

Answer 28

Protect plant and maintain shape; composed of cellulose

Question 29

Function of plasmodesmata (PC)

Answer 29

Channel between cells to allow passage of molecules from cell to cell

Question 29

Function of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 29

Strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cells

Question 30

Features of ECM

Answer 30

Outside plasma membrane of ANIMAL CELLS, composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)