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unit 2 criminology > 1.1 and 1.2 > Flashcards

1.1 and 1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

social definition of crime

A

an act that offends society that is seen as socially harmful or dangerous

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2
Q

legal definition of crime

A

an act that breaks the law and is punishable by formal sanctions

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3
Q

elements of a crime

A

actus reas- guilty act
mens rea- guilty mind

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4
Q

what is a non-court sanction

A

sanction given by the police

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5
Q

examples of non court sanctions

A

penalty notices, cautions and conditional cautions

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6
Q

what is a court sanction

A

sanction given by judge or magistrate

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7
Q

examples of court sanctions

A

community sentences, custodial sentences, fines, discharge

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8
Q

what are values

A

general beliefs, guidelines or principles that tell us right or wrong, good and bad

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9
Q

what are norms

A

specific rules or standards expected by society

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10
Q

what is the moral code

A

morals or generally good ways of behaving

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11
Q

what is mores

A

basic, essential norms that society see as vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilised behaviour

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12
Q

what is deviance

A

an act that goes against the norms of society that cause a critical reaction

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13
Q

what are formal sanction

A

punishment imposed by an authority figure to enforce social norms, value and law

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14
Q

what are informal sanctions

A

punishment imposed by a non authority figure in relation to deviant behaviour

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15
Q

examples of informal sanctions

A

labelling, name calling, grounding, frowning

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16
Q

what is a social construction

A

something that society constructs. therefore what counts as criminality is whichever acts society deem as criminal

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17
Q

what is decriminalisation

A

process where society refuse to accept an action as criminal so law cant be controlled as people don’t take notice of law
becomes legalised with reduced punishment or reluctance to enforce punishment

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18
Q

4 examples of law changes over time

A

death penalty, homosexuality, age of consent, smoking ban

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19
Q

3 examples of law changes in places

A

gun laws, drug laws, adultery laws

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20
Q

3 examples of law changed in cultures

A

FGM, honour crimes, witchcraft

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21
Q

3 examples of law changes in circumstances

A

age of criminal responsibility, homocide, differential enforcement

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22
Q

when were capital punishments reduced

A

1861

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23
Q

how many crimes was capital punishment reduced to and what

A

5- murder, treason, espionage, arson, piracy

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24
Q

what act was introduced in 1965

A

abolition of death penalty act

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25
when was death penalty suspended
1965
26
what act was introduced in 1998
human rights act
27
when was death penalty abolished
1998
28
who were the final executions and what year
1964- Peter Allen and Gwynne Evans
29
why did the capital punishment laws change
wrongful execution, ethics and social norms, better healthcare
30
case study for death penalty
derek bentley
31
what happened to derek bentley
he was executed for murder even though was held back by officer and only said 'let him have it'
32
mental age of derek bentley
11 at 19
33
when was age of consent 12
1275
34
when was age of consent 13
1875
35
when was age of consent 16
1885
36
case study for age of consent
margaret beaufort
37
why is margaret beaufort a case study
married at 6, married again at 12, child at 13, married again at 14
38
when was homosexuality decriminalised
1967
39
what act was introduced for homosexuality
Equality Act- banned discrimination
40
when was Equality act introduced
2010
41
when was same sex marriage allowed
2014
42
why did homosexuality laws change
secularisation, individualisation, social norms changed
43
when was the smoking ban introduced
2007
44
what caused strict gun laws in the uk
Dunblane shootings
45
when were the dunblane shootings
1996
46
who was killed in the dunblane shootings
1 teacher and 16 children
47
what act was introduced in the uk around gun laws
firearms act- restricted ownership
48
when was the firearms act introduced
1997
49
why is the USA more relaxed about guns
the right to bare arms is in their constitution
50
average shootings in the USA
For each of the last four years there have been more than 600 mass shootings
51
when did portugal decriminalise drugs
2001
52
what act banned drugs in the uk
UK misuse of drugs act
53
how is decriminalised drugs beneficial for portugal
lower overdose rates, lower HIV rates, lower drug related crime
54
where is adultery illegal
many countries governed by islamic law eg saudi arabia and iran
55
why do adultery laws change in places
less religion, low status of women
56
who is a case study for witchcraft
kristy bamu
57
what happened to kristy bamu
he was tortured and killed -'exorcised' for using witchcraft
58
why does witchcraft laws change
different religion and beliefs, social norms
59
what act was introduced around FGM in the uk and when
Female genital mutilation act 2003
60
what cultures allow fgm
many african cultres despite it being illegal in many countries
61
why do fgm laws change in cultures
reigion, status of women
62
case study for honour crimes
Ahmed mahmod
63
what happened to Ahmed Mahmod
suffocated by her parents for being too 'westernised'
64
why are honour crimes laws different in cultures
religion, family reputation, politics
65
example of differential enforcement of the law
Moral panics eg London riots 2011- jailed for 7 years
66
what is the age of criminal responsibility
10
67
what changed the age of criminal responsibility
Jamie Bulger murder by Venables and Thompson who were 10 at the time
68
how does homicide change in circumstances
-murder or manslaughter -diminished responsibilty eg mental condition -loss of control
69
what act was introduced for homicide circumstances
Homicide Act
70
when was the homicide act introduced
1957
71
When was the misuse of drugs act
1971

unit 2 criminology (7 decks)

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