1.1 Blood 12-23

Question 1

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 1

7.4

Question 2

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 2

37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F

Question 3

Blood is ______ times more viscous than water

Answer 3

3-5

Question 4

On average, there is about ____ liters of blood in the body.

Answer 4

5

Question 5

hematocrit is a commonly measure laboratory parameter to measure the proportion of _____ in the blood.

Answer 5

RBC’s/erythrocytes

Question 6

What is the normal hematocrit?

Answer 6

45% +/- 5

Question 7

Decreased hematocrit would indicate _____.

Answer 7

anemia

Question 8

Increased hematocrit would indicate _____.

Answer 8

polycythemia

Question 9

What can cause polycythemia?

Answer 9

dehydration
living at high altitudes
disease

Question 10

RBC number is controlled by ______ which is produced primarily in the ______.

Answer 10

erythropoietin : kidneys

Question 11

What percentage of blood volume is plasma proteins?

Answer 11

55%

Question 12

What are the three broad groups of plasma proteins? Where are they made?

Answer 12

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
made primarily in the liver

Question 13

The most common and smallest plasma protein that is the main contributor to plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.

Answer 13

albumin

Question 14

What is the function of colloidal osmotic pressure?

Answer 14

to prevent excessive fluid filtration

Question 15

A lack of plasma proteins due to starvation, liver disease, nephrosis or intestinal malabsorption is called_____ and would have what affect?

Answer 15

hypoproteinemia: decreased plasma protein would result in decreased colloidal osmotic pressure and increased loss of fluid from capillaries leading to edema

Question 16

What are alpha globulins?

Answer 16

a family of mostly carrier proteins and clotting factors but also some HDL and steroid binding proteins

Question 17

What are beta globulins?

Answer 17

a family of carrier proteins, LDL and iron as transferrin

Question 18

What are gamma globulins?

Answer 18

a family of antibodies

Question 19

What is fibrinogen?

Answer 19

the main protein precursor to fibrin which forms a clot

Question 20

The ability of blood to maintain its volume is called _____.

Answer 20

hemostasis

Question 21

Hemostasis is made possible by what key mechanisms?

Answer 21

vascular constriction
platelet plugs
clot formation

Question 22

Thrombin functions through what kind of signal transduction?

Answer 22

IP3/DG

Question 23

Trauma to vessel walls induces vasoconstriction by the release of _____ from smaller vessels. Platelets, after they aggregate also release _______ and ________ that stimulate vasoconstriction

Answer 23

Endothelin-1: thromboxane A2 and serotonin

Question 24

______ from tissues and ______ from the clotting process itself, both promote platelet aggregation to form a plug.

Answer 24

thromboxane : thrombin

Question 25

What are the three phases of platelet plug formation?

Answer 25

- platelet adherence: exposed tissue proteins such as collagen and their secretion of VonWillebrand factor cause platelets to adhere to the damaged endothelia - platelet aggregation: thromboxane and thrombin promote platelet aggregation to form a plug - platelet secretion: ongoing secretions of serotonin promotes vasoconstriction

Question 26

How does aspirin act as a blood thinner?

Answer 26

by inhibiting platelet aggregation

Question 27

The clotting/coagulation cascade of fibrinogen to fibrin causes ______.

Answer 27

amplification (activation of just a few starter molecules can result in many thousands of products being produced)

Question 28

What are the anti clotting mechanisms that provide negative feedback?

Answer 28

- endothelial linings are engineered to minimize clotting with glycocalyx that repels clotting factors - consumption of clotting factors by antithrombin III which binds and inactivates thrombin - fibrinolysis which is destruction of fibrin and other clotting factors by the protease plasmin

Question 29

Plasminogen is converted to its active form, plasmin, by ______.

Answer 29

tissue plasminogen activator tPA

Question 30

Factor I in the clotting cascade is also known as ________. What is it’s active form?

Answer 30

Fibrinogen, Fibrin

Question 31

Factor II in the clotting cascade is also known as _______. What is its active form?

Answer 31

Prothrombin, Thrombin

Question 32

Factor III in the clotting cascade is also known as ________.

Answer 32

Tissue factor

Question 33

Prothrombin activator is a complex substance made of several substances. What are those substances?

Answer 33

Factor X (predominantly) Factor Va Factor IV, aka calcium

Question 34

Prothrombin/Factor II is activated by two mechanisms. What are they? Which happens faster? Which is more powerful at amplification?

Answer 34

1: intrinsic pathway is more powerful at amplification 2: extrinsic pathway is much faster

Question 35

In the Intrinsic pathway, what factors are required to activate Factor X and therefore activate prothrombin to thrombin?

Answer 35

Factor IX and VIIIa (9 and 8) *calcium also needed

Question 36

In the extrinsic pathway, what factors are required to activate Factor X and therefore activate prothrombin to thrombin?

Answer 36

Factor III/tissue factor and Factor VII (3 and 7)

Question 37

The initial formation of thrombin through the extrinsic pathway, which is must faster, allows thrombin to have positive feedback on several factors in the coagulation cascade. 3 of them are in the intrinsic pathway, 1 in the extrinsic pathway and 1 in the final step of fibrin polymer formation. What are these 5 factors that thrombin has positive feedback on?

Answer 37

``` In the intrinsic pathway: Factor 5,8,11 In the extrinsic pathway: Factor 7 In fibrin polymerization: Factor 13/fibrin stabilizing factor ```

Question 38

The amplified formation of thrombin through the intrinsic pathway, which is must slower, allows abundant concentrations of thrombin to have negative feedback in the coagulation cascade. What 2 processes does thrombin inhibit?

Answer 38

- the conversion of factor X to it’s active form | - the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Question 39

In addition to the negative feedback mechanisms that thrombin has, it also activates two other enzymes. What are these enzymes and what do they do?

Answer 39

Antithrombin - plasma protein that binds and inactivates thrombin Plasmin (from plasminogen) - protease that degrades fibrin

Question 40

Which enzyme is responsible for fibrinolysis?

Answer 40

Plasmin

Question 41

Which protein is both activated by thrombin and binds to thrombin to inactivate it?

Answer 41

Antithrombin