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biosci107 > 11 body systems and their functions > Flashcards

11 body systems and their functions Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. integumentary - epidermis
A

protects and covers surface tissues and produces vit D

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2
Q
  1. integumentary - dermis - hair follicles
A

hair follicles are type of dermis, hair follicles are made of sebaceous glands and hairs

hairs: protects the head
sebaceous glands: lubricates hair shaft and epidermis (why our head is oily)
hair follicles: gets a sensation of innervation from nerve fibres that allows the hair follicles to reach to touch

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3
Q
  1. integumentary - dermis - sweat glands
A

provides thermoregulation

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4
Q
  1. integumentary - dermis - nails
A

stiffen and protect fingers

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5
Q
  1. integumentary - dermis - sensory receptors
A

detects sensations such as temp, pain, temp, touch

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6
Q
  1. integumentary - hypodermis
A

found underneath the dermis, made of mainly fat, stores fat, attaches skin to deeper skin layers

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7
Q
  1. skeletal muscles in general
A

control entry/exit of few of the body systems including the digestive, respiratory, urinary system. produces heat, supports the skeleton, protects soft tissues

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8
Q
  1. two types of skeletal muscles: axial muscles
A

supports and positions the axial skeleton which is the head, neck area

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9
Q
  1. two types of skeletal muscles: appendicular muscles
A

supports and moves limbs such as arms and legs

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10
Q
  1. tendons
A

strong fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone, made of collagen fibres, shape is rope-like

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11
Q
  1. aponueroses
A

flat sheet like connective tissue attaches muscle to muscle but can e muscle to bone too, is thin and wide

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12
Q
  1. skeletal system - cartilage
A

cartilage are found where two bones meet/connect with each other such as joints or rib attachmements

hyaline cartilage: smooth, glassy, flexible. found in joints, ribs, nose

fibrocartilage: tough more fibrous than hyaline. acts as shock absorber. they are found in discs (between spinal bones to prevent compression)

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13
Q
  1. axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting
    cartilages, ligaments)
A

protects brain and spinal cord, organs, soft tissues of thorax (part of body between neck and abdomen). supports the body weight over the lower limbs

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14
Q
  1. appendicular skeleton
A

provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs. supports/allows the muscles to move the axial skeleton

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15
Q
  1. bone
A

stores minerals
red bone marrow: produces red blood cells in flat bones such as pelvis, sternum, skull ribs

yellow marrow: stores fat cells

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16
Q
  1. Nervous system
A

is the control centre, controls body activities by transmitting chemical and electrical signs

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17
Q
  1. Nervous system - brain
A

controls and is in charge of complex integrative activities. the brain controls both voluntary and involuntary activities

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18
Q
  1. Nervous system - spinal cord
A

sends info to and from the brain to body. performs less complex integrative activities than brain and controls something called reflex arc - when some responses bypass the brain and go straight to the spinal cord/ processed by spinal cord

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19
Q
  1. Nervous system - special senses
A

sensory input in the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and keeping the body balanced

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20
Q
  1. Nervous system - peripheral nervous system
A

links the CNS with other systems and sense organs

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21
Q
  1. endocrine system - pineal gland
A

pea shaped endocrine gland in the centre of the brain. main function is to control the sleep-wake cucle by producing/releasing melatonin

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22
Q
  1. endocrine system - hypothalamus
A

part of brain locate below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. acts as the link between the nervous and endocrine system. controls the pituitary gland, controls sugar thirst, regulates body temp

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23
Q
  1. endocrine system - pituitary gland
A

pea sized gland that is located below the hypothalamus. releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress hormones. keeps fluids balanced

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24
Q
  1. endocrine system - thyroid gland
A

is an endocrine gland located in the front of neck wrapped around the trachea. regulates metabolism, energy production, and growth by producing thyroid hormones

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25
5. endocrine system - parathyroid gland
regulates calcium levels in the blood and bones by producing parathyroid hormones
26
5. endocrine system - thymus
controls development and care of the T cell lymphocytes
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5. endocrine system - adrenal glands
produces and releases hormones that regulate stress, blood pressure, metabolism, electrolyte balance. The adrenal cortex releases cortisol (stress management), aldosterone (blood pressure control), and androgens (sex hormone)
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5. endocrine system - kidneys
red blood cell production, regulates blood pressure levels and calcium levels. filters blood and removes waste and toxins from the blood
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5. endocrine system - pancreas
regulates BSL. the endocrine function produces insulin to lower BSL and the exocrine function secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to break down food
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5. endocrine system - gonads
to produce sex hormones and gametes. these hormones regulate reproduction and sexual development
30
6. lymphatic system
contractile vessels that carry lymph NOT blood thru rhythmic contractions. they carry lymph fluid which is water, proteins, lymphocytes. lymph is collected from peripheral tissues (body tissues outside the central circulatory system). lymph is then moved toward veins of the cardiovascular system where lymph is returned to blood stream
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6. lymphatic system - lymphatic fluid
clear watery fluid that collects excess fluid and waste products from tissues. and they contain white blood cells
31
6. lymphatic system - b and t cells
both types of lymphocytes (white blood cells). - b cells produce antibodies - t cells attack and destroy infected or cancerous cells in the body
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6. lymphatic system -lymph nodes
small bean-shaped structure that is part of immune system. filter substances that travel thru the lymphatic fluid and contain white blood cell. they fight infection and disease and stimulate immune responses
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6. lymphatic system - spleen
recycles old/damaging red blood cells, filters the blood, fights infections, engulfs pathogens
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6. lymphatic system - thymus
controls the development and maintenance of t cell lymphocytes
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7. cardiovascular system - heart
pumps the blood and maintains blood pressure
36
7. cardiovascular system - blood vessels
transports blood and carries oxygen/nutrients to tissues and removes waste products and CO2
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7. cardiovascular system - arteries
distributes O2 rich blood to the other body cells FROM the heart
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7. cardiovascular system - capillaries
vessels where O2, nutrients, waste are exchanged between blood and body tissues
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7. cardiovascular system - veins
returns blood from capillaries to the heart
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7. cardiovascular system - blood
transports O2 to body cells, nutrients, hormones and removes waste. regulates body temp and defends body from illness thru immune cells. keeps acid-base balance
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8. respiratory system - nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
filters, warms, humidifies air and detects smell
42
8. respiratory system - pharynx
sends air to larynx
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8. respiratory system - larynx
protects opening to trachea and contains the vocal cords for vocalisation
44
8. respiratory system - trachea
primary airway for air entering and leaving the lungs. c shaped cartilages keep it open
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8. respiratory system - bronchi
an airway that lets air travel from the trachea to the lungs
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8. respiratory system - lungs
main function is gas exchange, taking O2 into our blood stream and removing CO2 from the blood, lungs have acid base control, they control CO2 levels in the blood which impact the pH
47
8. respiratory system - diaphragm
muscle that allows the body to inhale exhale when we breath in and out air
48
9. digestive system - oral cavity
includes the lips, touch, teeth, your whole mouth, and is the first step of food digestion
49
9. digestive system - salivary glands
produces saliva, creates enzymes which make food easy to digest. acts as a buffer to maintain oral pH and acts as a lubricant to make food softer to chew and digest
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9. digestive system - pharynx
the passageway for air and food from the mouth to the oesophagus then to the stomach
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9. digestive system - oesophagus
delivers food to the stomach
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9. digestive system - stomach
digests food by secreting an acid that digests it, enzymes to digest proteins, and hormones to regulate digestion. helps to absorb nutrients and digest food
53
9. digestive system - small intestine
absorbs nutrients and water from food and breaks it down further than the stomach using enzymes and hormones
54
9. digestive system - liver
secretes bile and regulates nutrients in the blood
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9. digestive system - Gall bladder
stores the bile - is a liquid that helps the liver digest fat
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9. digestive system - pancreas
pancreas produces digestive enzymes to break down food, and releases insulin when BSL are too high
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9. digestive system - large intestine
absorbing water and electrolytes, produces/absorbs vitamins and stores poo for the anus to let out. is a waste storage and removal place
58
9. digestive system - anus
releases poo from the body by opening and closing thru muscles called sphincters
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10. kidneys
makes pee, has an endocrine function by releasing hormones like erythropoietin and renin
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10. kidneys - ureters
transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder where its stored until excretion
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10. kidneys - bladder
stores urine made by the kidney and then releases it thru the urethra
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10. kidneys - urethra
a tube that allows urine to pass outside the body
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11. reproductive system MALE - testes
produces sperm and hormones (in endocrine system too)
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11. reproductive system MALE - epididymis
stores sperm for maturation and transports it from the testes to the vas deferens
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11. reproductive system MALE - ductus deferens
transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts, which is in the urethra for ejaculation
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11. reproductive system MALE - seminal glands
is where semen comes out of, the glands secrete the fluid which is mainly semen
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11. reproductive system MALE - prostate glands
seminal fluid
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11. reproductive system MALE - urethra
carries urine out of the body from the bladder, also where semen comes out of during ejaculation
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11. reproductive system FEMALE - ovaries
produces eggs for fertilisation and makes hormones estrogen and progesterone (is in endocrine system too)
70
11. reproductive system FEMALE - uterine tubes
transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus, is the location of fertilisation
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11. reproductive system FEMALE - uterus
to take care of developing fetus during pregnancy
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11. reproductive system FEMALE - vagina and external genitalia
protects the internal genital from infection and acts as sensory tissues during sexual intercourse and assist in micturition
73
11. reproductive system FEMALE - mammary glands
nutrition for newborn, they are a modified sweat gland so mammary glands are also part of the integumentary system

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