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2 Pathological Processes > 11 Cell Adaptations > Flashcards

11 Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Complete failure of specific tissue/organ to develop(proliferate)= embryonic developmental disorder

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2
Q

What would thymic aplasia result in?

A

Infections and autoimmune problems

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3
Q

What molecules regulate normal cell proliferation? (in general terms)

A

Proto-oncogenes

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4
Q

What are the 4 main phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1-S-G2-M

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5
Q

What happens at G0 of the cell cycle?

A

After M- cell undergoes terminal differentiation- permanent exit from cell cycle

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6
Q

How does the body increase the growth of a tissue?

A

-Shortening cell cycle -Converting quiescent cells (retained ability to divide)- proliferating cells

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7
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Cell grows

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8
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

DNA synthesis

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9
Q

What happens during G2 phase?

A

Cell prepares to divide (e.g. protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is the Restriction (R) Point?

A

At end of G1- Critical checkpoint (for DNA damage)

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11
Q

How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

A

3

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12
Q

What is the p53 protein?

A

If checkpoint activation occurs- protein suspends cell cycle-triggers DNA repair mechanisms/apoptosis

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13
Q

Apart from the R Point, where are the other 2 major checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

G1/S and G2/M

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14
Q

What are the proteins which regulate the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins CDKs CDK inhibitors

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15
Q

How do activated CDKs drive the cell cycle?

A

Phosphorylating proteins

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16
Q

What is the main protein which gets phosphorylated to drive the cell cycle?

A

Retinoblastoma Susceptibility Protein (RB Protein)

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17
Q

How do growth factors have an affect on the cell cycle?

A

-Stimulating cyclin production -Inhibiting production of CDK inhibitors

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18
Q

Define ‘Cell Adaptation’

A

State between normal unstressed cell and overstressed injured cell

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19
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number (increasing tissue and organ size)

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20
Q

What may cause cell hyperplasia? (in general terms)

A

1-Increased functional demand (e.g. stimulated hormonally) 2-External Stimulation (Stimulated by damage=compensatory)

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21
Q

In what type of cell populations does hyperplasia occur?

A

Labile Stable

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22
Q

Is hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes ( it is under physiological control)

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23
Q

How is hyperplasia different from regeneration?

A

Leads to increase in cell number

24
Q

What might cause pathological hyperplasia?

A

1-Excessive hormonal stimulation 2-Excessive GF production

25
Why is neoplasia a risk in hyperplastic tissue?
Repeated cell divisions- increases risk of mutations
26
Give an example of physiological hyperplasia.
-Increased bone marrow due to hypoxia- increased erythropoietin -Proliferation of endometrium due to oestrogen
27
Give an example of pathological hyperplasia.
-Epidermal thickening due to chronic eczema -Enlargement of thyroid gland- iodine deficiency
28
What is Hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size (increasing tissue and organ size)
29
In which cell population is cell hypertrophy usually seen?
Permanent cell population (limited replicative potential)
30
What may cause hypertrophy? (in general terms)
1-Increased functional demand 2-Hormonal stimulation
31
What is the usual stimulus for a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia to occur?
Endocrine stimulation
32
Give an example of physiological hypertrophy.
1- Skeletal muscle (body builder) 2-Smooth muscle- pregnant uterus (under oestrogen influence)
33
Give an example of pathological hypertrophy.
1-Ventricular cardiac muscle hypertrophy (due to hypertension/valvular disease) 2-Smooth muscle hypertrophy- intestinal stenosis
34
How do hypertrophy and hyperplasia differ from neoplasia?
Cells/tissues return to normal size when stimulus removed in hypertrophy/hyperplasia
35
What is 'atrophy'?
Shrinkage in cell size (cell atrophy) (reduces its function) Shrinkage in cell number (tissue atrophy) (at point where survival=still possible)
36
What causes atrophy (in general terms)?
1-Reduced GF supply 2-Reduced nutrient supply
37
In organs undergoing atrophy, which cell type will go first?
Parenchymal stem cells before stromal cells (so often lots of CT in atrophic organs)
38
Give an example of where atrophy can be linked with senescence.
Atrophy of hair follicles- baldness
39
Is atrophy reversible?
Up to a point in some cases (less so when parenchymal cells = replaced by CT)
40
What's the best way to treat atrophy?
Remove the cause
41
Give an example of physiological atrophy.
-Ovarian atrophy- post menopause - Decreased uterus size- after parturition
42
Give an example of causes of pathological atrophy.
-Reduced functional demand e.g. muscle disuse in a cast -Loss of innervation (motor nerve) -Inadequate blood supply (prolonged)= tissue death -Inadequate nutrition -Loss of endocrine stimulation -Persistent injury- e.g. polymyositis -Senile atrophy -Pressure e.g. tissues around benign tumour e.g. cerebral -Occlusion of secretory duct e.g. in pancreas -Toxic agents/drugs e.g. bone marrow -X-rays -Immunological mechanisms
43
What is metaplasia?
Reversible replacement of one adult differentiated cell by another. (expression of new genetic programme)
44
In what types of cells does metaplasia occur?
Varieties of: -Epithelia -Connective Tissue Only in populations that CAN REPLICATE
45
In general terms, why does metaplasia occur?
Change one type of cell to another more suited to altered environment. (e.g. columnar epithelium--\> squamous epithelium
46
How does metaplasia differ from dysplasia?
Metaplasia- cells= fully differentiated Dysplasia- cells= disorganised + abnormal differentiation BUT metaplasia= sometimes prelude to dysplasia/cancer
47
Give an example in which metaplasia can be useful.
Bone marrow destroyed due to disease- splenic tissue to bone marrow
48
Give an example of pathological metaplasia.
Cigarette smoke- columnar epithelium--\>stratified squamous epithelium. Lacks mucociliary escalator.
49
What is 'Barrett's oesophagus'?
Flat, non-secreting epithelia=replaced by secretory epithelium/glands w./ persistent acid reflux
50
What is 'Traumatic myositis ossificans'?
Fibroblasts in muscle tissue change to osteoblast- after trauma- metaplastic bone develops in muscle
51
What is hypoplasia?
Congenital underdevelopment/incomplete development of tissue/organ (inadequate cell number) =(spectrum w./ aplasia)
52
What is atresia?
'No orifice' - congenital imperforation of opening e.g. anus/vagina
53
How is regeneration different from reconstitution?
Reconsitution= replacement of lost body part rather than small group of cells
54
What is 'Involution'?
Normal, programmed shrinkage of organ (overlaps w./ atrophy)
55
Give an example of involution occurring in the body.
-Uterus after child birth
56
What is dysplasia?
Abnormal maturation of cells in tissue- often pre-cancerous condition

2 Pathological Processes (12 decks)

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