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CRP 2: KCP1: Breathlessness, Cough & Haemoptysis > 1.1 Development of Respiratory Tract - Anatomy - Lecture > Flashcards

1.1 Development of Respiratory Tract - Anatomy - Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

When does the development of respiratory system begin

A

4th week of embryonic development

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2
Q

What is the first visible sign of respiratory system development

A

Laryngotracheal groove

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3
Q

What is the correct order of the development of Laryngotracheal groove

A
  1. Laryngotracheal groove
  2. Laryngotracheal diverticulum
  3. Laryngotracheal Tube
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4
Q

Give the germ layer origin of the respiratory tract tissues

A
  1. Epithelium & glands: Endoderm
  2. Cartilage, connective tissue & smooth muscles: Splanchnic mesoderm
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5
Q

Give a brief overview of the bronchial budding timeline

A
  1. 4th Week: Laryngotracheal diverticulum formation
  2. 5th & 6th Week: Primary bronchi budding from Laryngotracheal tube
  3. 8th Week: Bronchial tree branching
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6
Q

What is the location of the Laryngotracheal groove

A

Median, Ventral outgrowth from the floor of primordial pharynx

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7
Q

What is the embryological origin of Laryngeal epithelium

A

Cranial part of the laryngotracheal tube - Endoderm

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8
Q

Which structures of the larynx arises from 4th & 6th pharyngeal arches

A
  1. Cartilages (except for epiglottis)
  2. Muscles
  3. Nerves supplying the muscles
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9
Q

What are the nerve supply arising from the 4th & 6th pharyngeal arches

A

4th pharyngeal arch: Superior Laryngeal nerve
6th pharyngeal arch: Recurrent Laryngeal nerve

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10
Q

Superior Laryngeal nerve
& Recurrent Laryngeal nerve are branches of which cranial nerve

A

CN X; Vagus nerve

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11
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx that arise from the 4th & 6th pharyngeal arches

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Cricoid
  3. Arytenoid
  4. Corniculate
  5. Cuniform
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12
Q

What is the embryological origin of epiglottis (which is also a cartilage of Larynx)

A

Hypopharyngeal eminence - Caudal part

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13
Q

When does the tracheal development begin in the embryonic development

A

4th week

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14
Q

State the embryological origin of the tracheal tissues

A
  1. Endothelium & glands: Endoderm of laryngotracheal tube
  2. Cartilage, smooth muscles, Connective tissue: Splanchnic mesoderm
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15
Q

State the stepwise morphogenesis of the tracheal development

A
  1. Emergence of respiratory diverticulum from the ventral wall of foregut
  2. Elongation of the diverticulum into laryngotracheal tube
  3. Seperation of the foregut by the tracheoesophageal septum into:
    a. Anterior: Trachea and other Lower Respiratory tract
    b. Posterior: Esophagus
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16
Q

What is a TEF

Study These Flashcards
A

Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and eosophagus, due to failed or incomplete seperation

17
Q

What is the 2 main embryological causes of the formation of TEF

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Incomplete division of the foregut
  2. Defective development of the Tracheoesophageal septum
18
Q

When does TEF usually arise

Study These Flashcards
A

during 4th week

19
Q

What is VACTERL syndrome and what does each letter stand for in the acronym

Study These Flashcards
A

Group of congenital anomalies often seen together
V: Vertebral anomalies
A: Anal atresia
C: Cardiac defects
T: Tracheoesophageal fistula
E: Eosophageal atresia
R: Renal anomalies
L: Limb defects

20
Q

What is the embryological origin of the bronchial tissues

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Splanchnic mesoderm: contributes to Visceral pleura
    - Connective tissue
    - Smooth muscles
    - Blood vessels
  2. Somatic mesoderm: contributes to Parietal pleura:
    - Body wall lining
21
Q

Give a brief description of the branching pattern and timeline of bronchi

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A
  1. 28 days: Primary bronchi buds appear (from laryngotracheal tube)
  2. 42 days: Secondary bronchi (lobar)
  3. 56 days: Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
22
Q

How many generations of bronchi arise before and after birth

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A
  1. Before birth (by week 24):
    ~ 17 generations (ends at respiratory bronchioles)
  2. After birth (postnatal): 7 more generations
  3. 8 years old: completion of branching
23
Q

What are the 4 stages of Lung development

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Pseudoglandular stage :
    6-16 weeks
  2. Canalicular stage:
    16-26 weeks
  3. Terminal sac stage:
    26 weeks - birth
  4. Alveolar stage:
    32 weeks - 8 years
24
Q

State the features noticed in pseudo glandular stage

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Presence of terminal bronchioles
  2. No respiratory bronchioles or alveoli: so no gas exchange is possible yet
  3. Histology:
    - Bronchioles lined by cuboidal cells
    - Lots of connective tissue
25
State the features noticed in Canalicular stage
1. terminal bronchioles divide further into: respiratory bronchioles: to Alveolar duct (respiration possible near the end) 2. Capillaries proliferates and closely associate with the epithelium of the bronchioles: (well vascularised) 3. Terminal saccules (primordial alveoli) forms 4. Histology: - more space - early signs of gas-exchange structures appear
26
State the features noticed in Terminal Sac stage
1. more terminal sacs/saccules form which forms the future alveoli 2. The epithelium changes to squamous cells: which are thin enough for gas exchange 3. Capillaries: intimately associated with epithelium 4. Surfactant production: by type II pneumocytes (~ 20 weeks)
27
What is surfactant
- phospholipid secreted by the Type II pneumocytes or alveolar cells - hels reduce surface tension in alveoli - crucial for lung inflation at birth
28
State the features noticed in Alveolar stage
1. Primitive alveoli mature, postnatally 2. Alveolar- Capillary membrane becomes fully functional - Establishes the blood-air barrier 3. 8-10 years of age: - New alveoli formation - Lung expansion
29
What are the 3 key factors that determines normal lung development
1. Thoracic space for growth 2. Fetal breathing movements 3. Amniotic fluid volume
30
What are some pathological conditions that can lead to lung hypoplasia and the associated factor for lung development that is affected.
1. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Reduces thoracic space for lung growth 2. Oligohydroamnios: Less amniotic fluid
31
What is the diagnostic test to assess the lungs of newborns and what are the findings with the reason
Name: Lung Floatation test 1. Normal (healthy) Floating: Yes Reason: contains air 2. Diseased Floating: No/ Partial Reason: contains less air and more fluid 3. Stillborn Floating: No Reason: contains no air and only fluid - NO RESPIRATION
32
List 6 Common congenital lung anomalies
1. Agenesis of Lungs 2. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) - Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) 3. Congenital Lung cysts 4. Lobe of azygous vein 5. Lung hypoplasia 6. Accessory Lung
33
What is meant by agenesis of Lungs AND List the features of unilateral agenesis of Lugs
total absence or failure of bronchial buds to develop features: - Compatible with life - Heart & mediastinum shift: to the affected side (where lung is absent) - Opposite lung: hyper expand to compensate
34
Describe the following about Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) - Cause - Effect - Appearance on Histology - Trigger
Cause: - Surfactant defeciency from type II pneumocytes Effect: - Alveoli collapse, cant stay open Histology: - Glassy - Proteinaceous fluid (forms the hyaline membrane) Trigger; - Prolonged intrauterine asphyxia in premature infants
35
Describe the following about Congenital Lung cysts - Cause - TIme - Content
- Cause: dilation of terminal bronchi - TIme: disturbance during late fatal life - Content: fluid or air
36
Describe the location of Lobe of Azygous Vein
RIght Lung
37
What is the definition of Lung Hypoplasia and what are some causes of it
Incomplete development of lung tissue Causes: 1. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 2. Oligohydramnios
38
What is meant by accessory Lung
An extra piece of lung tissue, which is usually asymptomatic

CRP 2: KCP1: Breathlessness, Cough & Haemoptysis (6 decks)

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