11. Developmental psychology Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
Can a baby recognise its mother once its delivered?
A
Yes, as a memory of her has been built up in-utero via hearing, smell and taste
2
Q
When can babies hear in the womb?
A
- Receptive hearing begins at 16/40
- Functional hearing begins at 24/40
This means the newborn babies are already familiar with their mother’s voices
3
Q
What tastes can a newborn sense?
A
- All tastes except salt (until 4 months)
* This includes: sweet, bitter, sour and umami
4
Q
What tastes does a newborn like?
A
- Sweet things - sweet-ease can be given before unpleasant procedure
- Glutamate - found in breast milk
5
Q
Describe the sight of a newborn
A
- Can’t see very well
- Sharpest sight around the edges, rather than centre of field
- Learn to recognise face in first hour
- Preference to mother’s face at 12-36hrs
6
Q
What is reciprocal socialisation?
A
- Bidirectional process where children socialise parents and vice versa
- Behaviours of mothers/cares and infants involve substantial interconnection, mutual recognition and synchronisation
- If the parent’s responses reinforces the infant’s effort, the infant will build on this interaction - scaffolding
7
Q
What is the still face experiment?
A
- Carer first interacts normally with a baby
- Carer suddenly changes to neutral expression
- Baby responds by trying to get mother’s attention (smiling, loud noises etc.) and becomes distressed
8
Q
How do babies of depressed mothers develop?
A
- Adjust to low stimulation
* Get used to lack of positive feelings
9
Q
How do babies of agitated mothers develop?
A
- May stay over-aroused
* May switch off their feelings all-together
10
Q
What is the internal working model?
A
- Describes the development of mental representations (worthiness of the self and expectations of others’ reactions to the self)
- Result of interactions with primary caregivers which become internalised (automatic process)
- Very start of attachment
- Forms our expectations and behaviour in wider relationships throughout our lives
11
Q
What is attachment?
A
- Biological instinct that seeks proximity to an attachment figure when threat is perceived or discomfort is experienced
- Sense of safety - secure base to explore environment and promote development
12
Q
What does it mean by parents having “Mind-mindedness”?
A
- Parents treat their children as individuals with minds
- Respond as if their children’s acts are meaningful - motivated by feelings, thoughts or intentions
- Mediates the internal working model - helps child understand others’ emotions and actions
13
Q
At what ages does a baby prefer people to inanimate objects?
A
0-3 months
14
Q
What what ages does a baby smile discriminately to main caregivers?
A
3-8 months
15
Q
At what ages does a baby selectively approach main caregivers and show fear of strangers?
A
8-12 months
16
Q
At what ages can attachment behaviour of a baby be measure reliably?
A
12+ months
17
Q
What are the 4 styles of attachment (defined from the strange situation test)?
A
- Securely-attached children
- Insecurely-attached children
- Resistant-insecure (or ambivalent) children
- Disorganised-insecure children
18
Q
What are “securely-attached children”?
A
- What we aim for
- Explores the room freely when mother is present
- May be distressed and explores less when mother is absent
- Happy when mother returns, and approaches and comforted by mother when crying
- Baby knows he can depend on his mother and mother is responsive to his needs
19
Q
What are “insecurely-attached children”
A
- Doesn’t explore much
- Doesn’t show much emotion when his mother leaves
- No preference for his mother over a complete stranger
- Tends to avoid or ignore mother when he returns
20
Q
What are “avoidant-insecure children”?
A
- Doesn’t explore much
- Very wary of strangers and distressed when mother leaves
- Ambivalent when mother returns
- However, resentful (even angry) at mother for leaving him in the first place
- Child may reject his mother’s advances as a result
21
Q
What are “disorganised-insecure children”?
A
- Mix of avoidant and resistant behaviours
- Confusion and anxiety
- At risk for behavioural and developmental problems
22
Q
What are the benefits to a child of a secure attachment?
A
- Promotes independence, emotional availability, better moods and emotional coping
- Associated with fewer behavioural problems, higher IQ and academic performance
- Contributes to a child’s moral development
- Reduces child distress
23
Q
What is secure attachment in infancy associated with in adolescence and adulthood?
A
- Social competence
- Loyal friendships
- More secure parenting of offspring
- Greater leadership qualities
- Greater resistance to stress
- Less mental health problems and psychopathology
24
Q
What are the benefits of play with a baby?
A
- Engage and interact with the world
- Experience mastery and control
- Practice decision-making
- Practice adult roles
- Promote language development
- Overcome fears
- Develop own interests
- Healthy activity level
25
```
What are the types of play for the following ages:
• 0-3 months
• 0-2 years
• 2-2.5 years
• 3-4 year
```
* 0-3 months - unoccupied: lots of movement with body
* 0-2 years - solitary
* 2-2.5 years - spectator: observes but doesn't play with other children
* 2.5-3 years - parallel play: alongside others but doesn't play with them
26
What are the types of play for the following ages:
• 3-4 years
• 4-6 years
• 6+ years
* 3-4 years - associated: interacts with others in their play, develops friendships and preferences with some children, mixed sex groups
* 4-6 years - co-operative: plays with shared aims of play with others, may be difficult but there is support with other children, normally single sex
* 6+ years - competitive: play involves rules and has a clear winner
27
What are "disorganised-insecure children"?
* Mix of avoidant and resistant behaviours
* Confusion and anxiety
* At risk for behavioural and developmental problems
28
What are the benefits to a child of a secure attachment?
* Promotes independence, emotional availability, better moods and emotional coping
* Associated with fewer behavioural problems, higher IQ and academic performance
* Contributes to a child's moral development
* Reduces child distress
29
What is secure attachment in infancy associated with in adolescence and adulthood?
* Social competence
* Loyal friendships
* More secure parenting of offspring
* Greater leadership qualities
* Greater resistance to stress
* Less mental health problems and psychopathology
30
What are the benefits of play with a baby?
* Engage and interact with the world
* Experience mastery and control
* Practice decision-making
* Practice adult roles
* Promote language development
* Overcome fears
* Develop own interests
* Healthy activity level
31
What is the concrete operational stage?
* 7-12 years
* Children can perform basic mental operations concerning problems that involve tangible objects and situations
* Understand reversibility and display less egocentrism
* Trouble with hypothetical and abstract reasoning
32
What is the formal operational stage?
* Adolescence
* Transitional stage of physical and psychological human development
* Abstract thought emerges
* More thinking about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
* Begin to use deductive logic
33
What is proposed in Piaget's Stage Model?
```
• Children's thinking changes qualitatively with age - result of interaction with brain's biological maturation and personal experiences
• 4 stages of cognitive development:
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
```
34
What is assimilation, accommodation and adaptation in the context of schemas?
* Assimilation - incorporating new experience into existing schema
* Accommodation - the difference made by the process of assimilation
* Adaptation - new experiences cause existing schema to change
35
What is the sensorimotor stage?
* 0-2 years
* Infants understand their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical (motor) interactions with objects
* Object permanence - understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
* Gradually increasing use of words to represent things
* Learning based on trial and error (error not assimilated)
36
What is the preoperational stage?
* 2-7 years
* World represented symbolically through words and mental images
* No understanding of basic mental operations or rules
* Rapid language development
* Understanding of past and future
* No understanding of Principle of Conservation (basic properties of objects staying the same even though appearance may change)
* Irreversibility - cannot mentally reverse actions
* Animism - child assumes that everything exists with consciousness
* Egocentrism - difficulty in viewing world from someone else's perspective
37
What is the concrete operational stage?
• 7-12 years
• Children can perform basic mental operations concerning problems that involve tangible objects and situations
•
38
What is the formal operational stage?
• Adolescence
• Transitional stage of physical and psychological human development
• Abstract thought emerges
• More thinking about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues
•
39
Describe the behaviour of the adaptive adolescent brain (12-25 years)
* Extensive brain remodelling (myelinisation, synaptic pruning) - reason for so much sleep
* Help journey from secure world with parents to fitting into world created by peers
* Thrill seeking
* Openness to new expereinces
* Strong social rewards
* Prefer own age company
* Less positive emotionality through early adolescence
* Storms and stress more likely
40
How does a child's concept of death change through childhood?
* < 5 years - do not understand that death is final, will take euphemisms concretely, may think they have caused dearth
* 5-10 years - gradually develop idea of death as irreversible, more empathic to another's loss, may be preoccupied with justice
* 10+ years - understand more long-term consequences, able to think hypothetically, review inconsistencies
Depends on cognitive development and experience
41
Should you describe death as going to sleep?
No, as child could associate sleep with dying => worry
