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PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology > 1.1 Energy Systems > Flashcards

1.1 Energy Systems Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and how is energy produced from it

A
  • The only usable form of energy in the body
  • ATPase (enzyme) breaks down ATP into ADP (adenosine di-phosphate)
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2
Q

How long does stored ATP in the muscles provide the body with energy

A

2-3 seconds

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3
Q

What are the 3 energy systems

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • anaerobic glycolytic
  • aerobic
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4
Q

Intensity and duration of the ATP-PC system

A
  • maximal high intensity
  • > 10 seconds
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5
Q

Intensity and duration of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • mid to high intensity
  • 2-3 mins
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6
Q

Intensity and duration of the aerobic system

A
  • low intensity
  • duration 2 minutes to hours
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7
Q

Explain how the ATP-PC system works

A
  • phosphocreatine broken down into phosphate and creating by creating kinase (enzyme) creating energy
  • this energy is then used to combine ADP with phosphate to make 1 ATP
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8
Q

Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • ATP can be re synthesised rapidly
  • phosphocreatine stores can be replenished quickly 50% in 30 seconds 100% in 3 minutes
  • no fatiguing by products
  • ATP-PC system can be boosted through creating supplements
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9
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • only lasts 10 seconds
  • low ATP yield only 1
  • PC can only be resynthesised in the presence of oxygen (when intensity drops)
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10
Q

What is the anaerobic glycolytic system

A

Glycogen from the liver/muscle is broken down into glucose
Glucose is then further broken down by the enzyme (PFK) into pyruvic acid
This produces 2 ATP and in the absence of oxygen lactic acid

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11
Q

Advantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • ATP resynthesised fairly quickly
  • lasts longer than the ATP-PC system
  • in the presence of oxygen lactic acid can be converted back into glycogen or be used as fuel through oxidation
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12
Q

Disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • lactic acid is a fatiguing byproduct
  • only small yield of ATP out of the glycogen
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13
Q

Explain how the aerobic system produces energy

A

Three stages:
1. Glycolysis - glycogen broken down into glucose which is broken down by PFK into pyruvic acid
Before stage two the pyruvic acid is oxidised into two acetyl groups
2. Kerbs cycle- the acetyl groups are carried by coenzyme A into the matrix of the mitochondria where they combine with oxaloacetic acid to from citric acid, creates 2 ATP and byproducts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen
3. Electron transport chain - hydrogen split into ions and electrons, ions are oxidised to make water and the electrons provide energy to resynthesise 34 ATP

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14
Q

Advantages of the aerobic energy system

A
  • high ATP yield 38
  • no fatiguing by products
  • can last a long time
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15
Q

Disadvantages of the aerobic energy system

A
  • complicated system can’t be used straight away, takes a while for oxygen levels to meet the demand of the exercise
  • can’t be used at high or maximal intensities
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16
Q

define oxygen consumption

A

the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP (VO2)

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17
Q

what is meant by VO2 max

A

the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

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18
Q

what is the volume of oxygen consumption at rest

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A

0.3-0.4 litres per minute

19
Q

what is the range of maximal oxygen consumption when exercising

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A

3-6 litres per minute

20
Q

explain how oxygen deficit is created

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A

when exercise is started the aerobic system is not meeting the oxygen demands, this means energy must be created anaerobically. this can come on different scales.
sub-maximal oxygen debt
maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD)

21
Q

what are the two components of EPOC

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A

fast component
slow component

22
Q

what is meant by EPOC

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A
  • excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
  • returns the body to its pre-exercise state
23
Q

outline the fast component of EPOC

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A
  • occurs 2-3 minutes following the event
  • uses around 1-4 litres of O2
  • restores PC stores
  • restores oxygen in the myoglobin
24
Q

outline the slow component of EPOC

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A
  • can take up to an hour or longer
  • removal of lactic acid
  • glycogen replenishment
  • maintains HR and BR
25
what is OBLA
Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation - when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per L - above 4 breaches the threshold that a performer can manage and causes rapid lactate build-up - this is around the same in every individual - HOWEVER each individual reaches OBLA at a different intensity - well-trained athletes with a high VO2 max will reach higher intensities before they reach OBLA
26
what physiological factors affect the rate of lactate accumulation
- exercise intensity (higher intensity, faster OBLA) - muscle fibre types (slow twitch, less lactate) - the rate of blood lactate removal - the respiratory exchange ratio - fitness of the performer (fitter person, OBLA delayed)
27
what are the factors affecting VO2 max
- cardiac hypertrophy, leading to higher SV,Q and ejection fraction - increased myoglobin, haemoglobin, red blood cells, mitochondria capillary density
28
how is lactic acid removed during the slow component of EPOC
- coverted back into pyruvate and CO2 and water in the presence of oxygen - transported to the liver to be turned into glycogen or glucose - converted into protein - removed in sweat and urine
29
what is meant by buffering
- process that aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels - allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer as OBLA is delayed - they fatigue slower
30
what are the non-physiological factors affecting VO2 max
- gender (males tend to have higher VO2 maxes) - age (VO2 gradually declines with age) - lifestyle choices (smoking destroys alveoli reducing VO2 max) - genetics, children tend to inherit similar VO2 maxes to their parents - training, aerobic training can improve VO2 max by 10-20%
31
what are the 4 measures of energy expenditure?
- indirect calorimetry - lactate sampling - VO2 max test - respiratory exchange ratio
32
what is lactate sampling
- taking a small sample of the blood when the athlete is completing the activity - shows the number of millimoles of lactate in the blood at a given time - can be used to identify when the performer hits OBLA, this is an indication the performer is beyond their VO2 max and is now using their anaerobic energy systems - can also be used to ensure the athlete is training at the correct intensity
33
what is the respiratory exchange ratio
- the ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed - requires the athlete to be attached to a gas analyser whilst on a treadmill = VCO2 / VO2 - indicates fuel usage during exercise - around 0.7 indicates fat is the predominant fuel source (lower intensity) - around 1 indicates carbohydrates in the predominant fuel source (higher intensity) - over 1 is an indication of anaerobic exercise (even higher intensity)
34
what is indirect calorimetry
- measure of CO2 production and O2 consumption - can be used to calculate the respiratory exchange ratio - gives an accurate objective measure of VO2 max - can be used to monitor progress
35
what is a VO2 max test
- could be in the form of the bleep test or Cooper run in which the performer goes until exhaustion - the level reached is then compared to a chart - OR gas analysis in a lab could be used to provide more reliable and valid results - in which a performer reaches exhaustion whilst their CO2 production and O2 consumption is measured
36
what is altitude training
- training above 2500m above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower - this leads to the body making adaptations to increasing its oxygen-carrying capacity - such as increased EPO, increased red blood cells, increased myoglobin, increased capillarization
37
evaluate altitude training
+ allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer + delays OBLA + quicker recovery/buffering - benefits are quickly lost when they return to sea level - hypoxia (altitude sickness) - initial loss of performance - psychologically challenging being away from home
38
what is plyometric training
- the use of explosive movements like hopping, jumping, bounding to train the muscles fast twitch fibres 3 stages: PAM 1 Pre-loading - an eccentric contraction that stretches the muscle 2 Amortisation - the time between eccentric and concentric contraction, needs to be short so the stored energy from the eccentric contraction can be used 3 muscle contraction- concentric contraction is more explosive because the muscle spindle trigger the stretch reflex
39
evaluate the use of plyometric training
+ builds power + develops anaerobic systems + develops fast twitch fibres + can replicate sport-specific movements - it may be difficult to replicate some movements - high risk of injury
40
what is HIIT
- high-intensity interval training involves periods of high-intensity work followed by short periods of rest - the training can be altered to be most suitable by ... 1 changing duration of work 2 changing duration of rest 3 changing intensity/speed of work 4 changing number of work/rest intervals
41
evaluate HIIT training
+ trains both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems + dynamic and adaptable + increases performer's lactate tolerance - high intensity increases risk of injury - not as appropriate for an aerobic endurance athlete
42
what is SAQ training
- speed agility and quickness training aims to improve multi-directional training - may involve ladders and zig-zag movements
43
evaluate SAQ
+ increases power and agility + Improved reaction time + Better spatial awareness + trains anaerobic energy systems - not as effective for aerobic endurance athletes

PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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