1.1 Global Hazards

Question 2

What legal consequences followed the eruption?

Answer 2

Investigations into tour operators and safety laws.

Question 3

What monitoring existed on White Island?

Answer 3

GeoNet provided seismic and gas monitoring.

Question 4

What is defined as a natural hazard in geography?

Answer 4

A natural event that has the potential to threaten people, property, or the environment.

Question 5

Give four main types of natural hazards.

Answer 5

Tectonic, Atmospheric, Geomorphological, Biological

Question 6

What causes tectonic hazards?

Answer 6

Movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates.

Question 7

Name the four main types of plate boundaries.

Answer 7

Constructive (Divergent), Destructive (Convergent), Conservative (Transform), Collision

Question 8

What happens at a constructive plate boundary?

Answer 8

Plates move apart, allowing magma to rise, creating new crust (volcanoes and earthquakes can occur).

Question 9

What happens at a destructive plate boundary?

Answer 9

Denser oceanic plate subducts beneath a less dense continental plate, leading to earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Question 10

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

Answer 10

Plates slide past each other horizontally, causing friction and frequent earthquakes.

Question 11

What happens at a collision plate boundary?

Answer 11

Two continental plates move towards each other, buckle, and fold, forming fold mountains (earthquakes occur but typically no volcanoes).

Question 12

What is the general pattern of earthquake and volcano distribution globally?

Answer 12

They are mostly concentrated along tectonic plate boundaries, particularly around the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Question 13

What causes atmospheric hazards?

Answer 13

Extreme weather and climate conditions, often linked to global atmospheric circulation.

Question 14

Give two examples of atmospheric hazards.

Answer 14

Tropical storms, droughts, floods, heatwaves, cold spells, tornadoes.

Question 15

What are geomorphological hazards?

Answer 15

Hazards originating on or near the Earth’s surface, often involving the movement of rock, soil, or sediment.

Question 16

Give two examples of geomorphological hazards.

Answer 16

Landslides, avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls.

Question 17

What are biological hazards?

Answer 17

Hazards posed by living organisms.

Question 18

Give an example of a biological hazard.

Answer 18

Wildfires (often started by humans but involve vegetation as fuel).

Question 19

What is hazard risk?

Answer 19

The probability or chance that a natural hazard may occur and cause harm.

Question 20

List four factors that affect hazard risk.

Answer 20

Magnitude/intensity of the hazard, Frequency of the hazard, Population density and distribution, Level of economic development, Geographical location, Land use, Capacity to cope.

Question 21

How does the level of economic development (HIC vs LIC/NEE) influence hazard risk and impact?

Answer 21

HICs generally have more resources for monitoring, prediction, protection, and emergency response, reducing the impact compared to LICs/NEEs.

Question 22

What is meant by ‘vulnerability’ in the context of natural hazards?

Answer 22

The susceptibility of a community to the impacts of a hazard, often linked to poverty, lack of infrastructure, and limited access to resources.

Question 23

What are the three main types of impacts from natural hazards?

Answer 23

Social, Economic, Environmental.

Question 24

What is the difference between primary and secondary impacts?

Answer 24

Primary impacts occur directly as a result of the hazard event. Secondary impacts occur later as a consequence of the primary impacts.

Question 25

Give two examples of immediate responses to a hazard.

Answer 25

Search and rescue, providing emergency shelter, food, and medical aid, evacuation.

Question 26

Give two examples of long-term responses to a hazard.

Answer 26

Rebuilding infrastructure and homes, economic recovery programs, implementing hazard mitigation strategies, psychological support.

Question 27

What are the four main ways to manage natural hazards?

Answer 27

Monitoring, Prediction, Protection, Planning.

Question 28

How does monitoring help manage hazards?

Answer 28

Collecting data to understand the hazard and detect early warning signs.

Question 29

How does prediction help manage hazards?

Answer 29

Using monitoring data and scientific understanding to forecast when and where a hazard might occur.

Question 30

How does protection help manage hazards?

Answer 30

Building structures or using engineering to reduce the impact of a hazard.

Question 31

How does planning help manage hazards?

Answer 31

Preparing communities for a hazard event through education, evacuation routes, land-use zoning, and emergency service readiness.

Question 32

How does climate change affect tropical storms?

Answer 32

May increase their intensity and frequency in some areas due to warmer ocean temperatures.

Question 33

How might climate change influence drought?

Answer 33

Can lead to changes in rainfall patterns and increased evaporation, potentially making droughts more frequent and severe.

Question 34

How might climate change impact flooding?

Answer 34

Can increase flood risk through more intense rainfall events and rising sea levels.

Question 35

What scale is commonly used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes?

Answer 35

The Moment Magnitude Scale.

Question 36

What scale is used to classify the intensity of tropical storms?

Answer 36

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.

Question 37

What causes tsunamis?

Answer 37

Typically caused by underwater earthquakes.

Question 38

What is liquefaction and why is it hazardous during an earthquake?","When saturated soil behaves like a liquid during shaking, causing buildings to sink or collapse.

Question 39

What is a pyroclastic flow associated with volcanic eruptions?","A fast-moving current of hot gas, volcanic ash, and rock.

Question 40

What is a lahar associated with volcanic hazards?","A destructive mudflow or debris flow on the slopes of a volcano.

Question 41

Why might people choose to live in areas prone to natural hazards?

Answer 41

Fertile land for agriculture, economic opportunities, family ties, lack of awareness, poverty.

Question 42

What is 'hazard mapping' as a planning tool?

Answer 42

Creating maps showing areas likely to be affected by a hazard and its potential intensity.

Question 43

When did the major flooding event occur in Carlisle that is often studied in geography?

Answer 43

January 2005

Question 44

Which three rivers converge in or near Carlisle contributing to flood risk?","River Eden, River Caldew, and River Petteril

Question 45

What was a primary meteorological cause of the Carlisle floods in January 2005?

Answer 45

Exceptionallly heavy and prolonged rainfall.

Question 46

How did the ground conditions contribute to the Carlisle floods?

Answer 46

Soil was already saturated, increasing surface runoff.

Question 47

Approximately how many properties were flooded in Carlisle in January 2005?

Answer 47

Around 1,900 properties.

Question 48

List two social impacts of the Carlisle flooding.

Answer 48

Loss of life (3 deaths), thousands made homeless.

Question 49

Describe an economic impact on businesses in Carlisle due to the 2005 floods.

Answer 49

Many businesses shut down, leading to financial losses and job risks.

Question 50

Give an example of an immediate response to the Carlisle floods.

Answer 50

Evacuation and setting up temporary reception centres.

Question 51

Describe a long-term response implemented in Carlisle after the 2005 floods.

Answer 51

Investment in improved flood defence schemes.

Question 52

What was a psychological impact experienced by residents in Carlisle after the floods?

Answer 52

Increased stress-related illnesses and trauma.

Question 53

What is a significant period of drought often studied in Australia?

Answer 53

The Millennium Drought (roughly 2002-2009)

Question 54

Give a natural cause of drought in Australia related to global atmospheric circulation.

Answer 54

Affects of the sub-tropical high-pressure belt (30° South).

Question 55

How do El Niño events contribute to drought in Australia?

Answer 55

Lead to reduced rainfall and drier conditions over eastern Australia.

Question 56

How does climate change potentially influence drought in Australia?

Answer 56

Increasing temperatures (higher evaporation) and altered rainfall patterns.

Question 57

List two economic impacts of drought on agriculture in Australia.

Answer 57

Crop failure, loss of livestock.

Question 58

What was a social impact of the Australian drought on rural communities?

Answer 58

Job losses and increased rural suicide rates.

Question 59

Give an environmental impact of the Australian drought.

Answer 59

Vegetation loss and soil erosion.

Question 60

Give an example of a long-term response to drought in Australia aimed at increasing water supply.

Answer 60

Building desalination plants.

Question 61

How did the Australian government support farmers during the drought?

Answer 61

Provided income support and subsidies.

Question 62

When did Typhoon Haiyan one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record, make landfall in the Philippines?","November 2013

Question 63

What ocean temperature is generally required for a tropical storm like Haiyan to form and intensify?

Answer 63

Above 26.5°C or 27°C.

Question 64

What was a major physical impact of Typhoon Haiyan on coastal areas like Tacloban?

Answer 64

A large storm surge (up to 5 metres or more).

Question 65

Approximately how many people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 65

Around 6,300 people (or over 7,400 including missing persons).

Question 66

List two social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan.

Answer 66

Massive displacement and homelessness, outbreaks of disease.

Question 67

Describe an economic impact on the fishing industry after Typhoon Haiyan.

Answer 67

Many fishing boats and equipment were destroyed.

Question 68

Give an environmental impact of Typhoon Haiyan related to water.

Answer 68

Contamination of water supplies and oil spills.

Question 69

Give an example of an immediate international response to Typhoon Haiyan.

Answer 69

Countries and NGOs providing overseas aid.

Question 70

Describe a long-term response after Typhoon Haiyan related to housing.

Answer 70

Rebuilding homes, often in safer locations.

Question 71

What mitigation strategy has been implemented in the Philippines to prepare for future tropical storms?

Answer 71

Building cyclone shelters and investing in disaster risk reduction.

Question 72

When did the major earthquake strike southeastern Turkey and northern Syria?

Answer 72

February 6, 2023

Question 73

What is the magnitude of the main earthquake that hit Turkey and Syria in 2023?

Answer 73

Magnitude 7.8

Question 74

On which major fault line did the Turkey-Syria earthquake occur?

Answer 74

The East Anatolian Fault.

Question 75

What type of plate boundary is the East Anatolian Fault?

Answer 75

A transform (or strike-slip) boundary.

Question 76

Why was the shallow focus of the Turkey-Syria earthquake particularly destructive?

Answer 76

Released seismic energy closer to the surface, causing more intense shaking.

Question 77

Approximately how many people were killed by the Turkey-Syria earthquake?

Answer 77

Over 56,000 deaths.

Question 78

List two social impacts of the Turkey-Syria earthquake.

Answer 78

Tens of thousands injured, millions left homeless.

Question 79

Describe an economic impact of the Turkey-Syria earthquake.

Answer 79

Massive damage to buildings and infrastructure.

Question 80

Give an example of an immediate response to the Turkey-Syria earthquake.

Answer 80

Local and international search and rescue operations.

Question 81

What factor made aid delivery particularly challenging in Syria after the earthquake?

Answer 81

The ongoing civil conflict and existing damaged infrastructure.

Question 82

Describe a long-term response planned after the Turkey-Syria earthquake.

Answer 82

Major reconstruction efforts.

Question 83

What measure is being discussed to reduce the impact of future earthquakes in Turkey?

Answer 83

Improving and enforcing stricter building standards.

Question 84

What psychological support is needed for survivors of the Turkey-Syria earthquake?

Answer 84

Support for trauma, stress, and the impact of displacement and loss.

Question 85

How did the harsh winter conditions following the earthquake worsen the situation?

Answer 85

Reduced survival chances and made living in temporary shelters difficult.

Question 86

What is the importance of effective communication during a natural hazard event?

Answer 86

Ensures warnings reach the public and coordinates rescue efforts.