1.1 Growth Adaptations

Question 1

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 1

Increase in cell size

Question 2

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 2

Increase in cell number

Question 3

What are the two processes that underlie hypertrophy?

Answer 3

• Gene activation/Protein synthesis

- Production of organelles

Question 4

True or false: hyperplasia and hypertrophy usually occur separately

Answer 4

False– usually together

Question 5

Why is it that permanent cells such as the heart and brain cannot undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 5

They do not have stem cells–thus only hypertrophy

Question 6

What are the three major permanent tissues in the body?

Answer 6

Cardiac myocyte
Skeletal muscles
Nerves

Question 7

What is the classic example of physiologic hypertrophy?

Answer 7

Uterine expansion during pregnancy

Question 8

What can pathologic hyperplasia progress to?

Answer 8

Dysplasia

Question 9

Does BPH progress to cancer?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What are the two processes that underlie atrophy?

Answer 10

• Apoptosis of cells

- Decrease in cell size

Question 11

What is the pathway the cells have to degrade cellular proteins (e.g. cytoskeletal)

Answer 11

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Question 12

What is the mechanism through which cells reduce the number of organelles?

Answer 12

Autophagy–degrade organelles via lysosomes

Question 13

What is the underlying process of metaplasia?

Answer 13

Change in cell stress leads to a change in cell type to better handle the stresses placed upon it

Question 14

What type of cells most often undergo metaplasia?

Answer 14

Surface epithelium

Question 15

What is the classic example of metaplasia?

Answer 15

Barrett’s esophagus–goes from squamous to columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 16

What is the main underlying process that occurs with metaplasia?

Answer 16

Reprogramming of stem cells

Question 17

Is metaplasia reversible?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What is the major problem with metaplasia?

Answer 18

Progression to dysplasia

Question 19

What is the one exception to the general rule, that metaplasia will progress to dysplasia?

Answer 19

Apocrine glands

Question 20

t(15;17) translocation = ?

Answer 20

ALL (acute promyelocytic leukemia) that is treated with ATRA

Question 21

What is the role of vitamin A in the development of the immune system?

Answer 21

Needed for maturation

Question 22

What is the pathophysiology of keratomalacia?

Answer 22

Lack of vitamin A causes a metaplasia of the conjunctiva of the eye, leading to thicker epithelium and blindness

Question 23

What are mesenchymal tissue?

Answer 23

Bone
Cartilage
Fat
CT

Question 24

What is myositis ossificans?

Answer 24

Inflammation of skeletal muscle (usually d/t trauma) causes metaplasia to bone

Question 25

What is dysplasia?

Answer 25

Disordered cellular growth that arises from longstanding pathologic hyperplasia or metaplasia

Question 26

Is dysplasia reversible?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

What is aplasia?

Answer 27

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 28

What is hypoplasia?

Answer 28

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis

Question 29

What is the streak ovary that can occur in Turner's syndrome?

Answer 29

a form of aplasia in which the ovary is replaced by functionless tissue. The accompanying hormonal failure also prevents the development of secondary sex characteristics