11. Inflammation and immune response

Question 1

What are the steps of inflammatory/immune response?

Answer 1

1. Mech/Chem defenses (Immediate/continuous)
2. Innate immunity (min-hours)
3. Adaptive immunity (days)

Question 2

What are some human nonspecific defenses?

Answer 2

External: Skin, Acid secretions, Mucus, Mucous, Nasal hairs, Cilia, Gastric juice, Acid in vagina, tears, saliva

Internal: Fever, flora, coughing, sneezing, inflammatory response, phagocytes

Question 3

What’s the difference in the Myeloid progenitor ad the Lymphoid progenitor?

Answer 3

1. Inflammation (Innate response)

2. Immune (adaptive response)

Question 4

What does the x and y axis here show?

Answer 4

x: size (small variation)
y: granularity (big variation)

Question 5

What’s the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 5

They are the same cell, just in different locations
monocyte: outside tissue
Macrophage inside tissue

Question 6

Explain what’s happening here.

Answer 6

1. Splinter
2. Damaged tissue attracts Mast cells which release histamine
3. Histamine causes vessels to dilate and leak out neutrophils (first 48hrs) and monocytes to phagocytose the bacteria
4. Growth factors in platelets drive healing process

Question 7

What are the stages of wound healing?

Answer 7

1. Inflammation
2. Granulation
3. Wounds contraction

Question 8

What is fibrosis?

Answer 8

• “frustrated phogocytosis”
• Mature fibroblasts and associated collagen surround the biomaterial creating a wall
• “foreign body response”

ex: insulin pump

Question 9

What are the main characteristics of the adaptive defence system?

Answer 9

• Made of B and T cells
• Develops in response to specific target (antigen)
• specific to that antigen
• distinguishes foreign from self
• Diverse (many antibodies)
• Memory

Question 10

What are epitopes?

Answer 10

Small surface proteins on antigen where antibodies bind

Question 11

Whats an IgG?

Answer 11

• Immunoglobulin antibody
• Has two binding site
• Macrophage binds to other end of antibody to eat the antigen.

Question 12

What is this?

Answer 12

A T cell receptor

Question 13

What are the types of T cells?

Answer 13

1. Cytotoxic T cells (kills cells) Tc
   
   • presents to any cells, CD8 surface protein
2. Helper T cells (assist in antibody production and T-cell killing) TH
   
   • presents to Macrophages, CD4 surface protein

Question 14

Describe what happens when a Macrophage binds to an antigen.

Answer 14

1. Antigen binds to antibodies on surface of macrophage
2. Antigen is engulfed and then broken down into small pieces
3. The small molecules bind to Class ll MHC proteins whice present them to the T helper cell.

Question 15

What is MHC?

Answer 15

“major histocompatibility complex”
MHC is a protein found in macrophages and other cells that binds to T-cell receptors
*MHC proteins distinguishes self from non-self (everyone have diff MHC molecules)
A donor MHC molecule acts like an antigen

Question 16

What are B cells for?

Answer 16

Each B cell can create one antibody.
B cells are cloned rapidly to increase amount of antibodies.
Increase “memory”

Question 17

What do regulatory T cells do?

Answer 17

• Recognize self-antigens and prevent immune response to them.
• Maintain homeostasis
• Can malfunction in auto-immune diseases

Question 18

What happens in HIV infection?

Answer 18

T helper cells are targeted.

Question 19

What blood type is universal donor and host?

Answer 19

Universal donor: O b/c it have no antigens and both antibodies

Universal receiver: AB b/c it has both antigens and no antibodies

Question 19

What blood type is universal donor and host?

Answer 19

Universal donor: O b/c it have no antigens and both antibodies

Universal receiver: AB b/c it has both antigens and no antibodies

Question 20

Explain this diagram

Answer 20

T helper cells stimulates B cells which product many antibodies and Tc killer cells