1.1 : Intro to Immunosero & Histroy Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
It is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids
A
Serology
2
Q
He is the Father of Scientific History
A
Thucydides
3
Q
He recorded that individuals who had previously contracted plague was able to recover and noted their “immune” status
A
Thucydides
4
Q
These people practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders from smallpox lesions
A
Chinese
5
Q
This is the form of immunization through inhaling dried powders from smallpox lesions
A
Variolation
6
Q
She was a wife of a British diplomat in Constantinople who allowed her son to be inoculated through variolation
A
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
7
Q
He was the first one who introduced vaccination (from smallpox lesions)
A
Edward Jenner
8
Q
He first observed phagocytosis
A
Ernest Heackel
9
Q
He is known as the Father of Immunology and discovered live attenuated vaccine for rabies
A
Luis Pasteur
10
Q
He is the Father of Phagocytosis Theory and the first to explain cell-mediated immunity through phagocytosis
A
Élie Metchnikoff
11
Q
They proposed the Humoral theory of Immunity
A
Von Behring, Kitasato
12
Q
He demonstrated cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity
A
Koch
13
Q
He introduced the Antibody formation theory
A
Paul Ehrlich
14
Q
They introduced Immediate-hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis
A
Paul Portier, Charles Richet
15
Q
He introduced Arthus reaction of Intermediate hypersensitivity
A
Nicolas Maurice Arthus
16
Q
He proposed the Hypothesis of Antigen-Antibody binding
A
Marrack
17
Q
He introduced the Hypothesis of Allograft rejection and the Acquired Immunologic Tolerance (with Burnet)
A
Peter Medawar
18
Q
They developed the polio vaccine
A
Salk, Sabin
19
Q
He developed the vaccine against Yellow fever
A
Reed
20
Q
He elaborated on Graft vs Host reaction
A
Dick W. van Bekkum
21
Q
He introduced Clonal Selection theory
A
Burnet
22
Q
They elaborated on interferons (viral interference)
A
Alice Isaacs, Jean Lindenmann
23
Q
He introduced the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLAs)
A
Jean Dausset
24
Q
He explained the cooperation of the T & B cell in immune cooperation
A
Henry Claman
25
They demonstrated the identification of **antibody molecule**
Edelman, Porter
26
They demonstrated the **first monoclonal antibodies**
Kohler, Milstein
27
He identified **genes for T cell receptor**
James P. Allison
28
He discovered the **Monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine**
Pablo DT Valenzuela
29
He demonstrated the **Th1 vs Th2 model of T helper cell function**
Mossman
30
He identified the **Toll-like receptor**
Jules Hoffman, Bruce Beutler
31
He discovered **FOXP3** which is the genera directing regulatory T cell development
Ramsdell
32
He developed the **Human Papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine**
Ian Frazer
33
It is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Immunology
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This means making a pathogen less virulent or weakened
Attenuation
35
This process means cells that eat cells
Phagocytosis
36
These are certain humoral or circulating factors that coat the bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
Opsonins (opsonization)
37
What are some examples of serum factors / opsonins?
- Antibodies (IgG except IgA)
- Acute phase reactants (APR) (e.g.: CRP)
- Complement
38
What are the two major branches of immunity?
Innate & Adaptive/Acquired
39
It is the branch of immunity which has the ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions
Innate / Natural Immunity
40
This branch of immunity are considered **nonadaptive** or **nonspecific** and are the **same** for all pathogens or foreign substances to which one is exposed
Innate / Natural Immunity
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This branch of immunity does **not require prior exposure** and the response **lacks memory** and **specificity**
Innate / Natural Immunity
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This branch of immunity is characterized by **specificity** and has the ability to **remember** prior exposure
Adaptive / Acquired Immunity
43
What are the cells of the **Innate** immune system
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
44
What is the leukocyte mainly part of the **Adaptive** immune system
Lymphocytes
45
All blood cells arise from a type of cell called a ________
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
46
What are the two progenitor cells that give rise to various precursors cells?
- Common myeloid precursors (CMP)
- Common lymphoid precursors (CLP)
47
This precursor cells give rise to the WBCs that participate in **phagocytosis**, which are known as the __________
Common myeloid precursors ; myeloid line
48
These cells are key to **innate immunity**, but they are also important in **processing antigens** for the adaptive response
Phagocytic cells
49
What type of leukocyte arises from the **common lymphoid precursors (CLP)**?
Lymphocyte
50
This type of leukocyte is known as **segs** and contain a large number of **neutral** staining granules
Neutrophils
51
The azurophilic granules / primary granules found in one-third of neutrophils contain antibacterial products such as:
- myeloperoxidase
- lysozyme
- elastase
- proetinase-3
- cathepsin G
- defnsins
52
The specific / secondary granules of neutrophils are mainly composed of:
- lysozyme
-lactoferrin
- collage ash
- gelatinase
- respiratory burst components
53
What is main function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis
54
In the process of neutrophils, ______ occurs to allow neutrophils to **move from the circulating blood to the tissues** through a process known as ___________
Margination ; diapedesis
55
It is the movement of neutrophils through blood vessels
Diapedesis
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These are **chemical messengers** that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.
Chemotaxins
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This type of leukocyte increases during an allergic reaction or response to certain parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
58
T or F
Eosinophils are capable of phagocytosis but are much less efficient than neutrophils
True (smaller and lack digestive enzymes)
59
T or F
Eosinophils are able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products
True
60
What is the most important role of eosinophils?
Regulation of the immune response, including regulation of **mast cell function**
61
This the least numerous of all leukocyte types
Basophils
62
This type of leukocyte **regulates** some **T helper (Th) cell responses** and stimulate **B cells** to produce the antibody **IgE**
Basophils
63
This type of leukocyte stays in peripheral blood for up to **30 hours**; they then migrate to the tissues and become known as **macrophage**
Monocyte
64
All macrophages arise from __________
monocytes
65
The transition from monocyte to macrophage in the tissues is characterized by ____________
progressive cellular enlargement
66
Unlike monocytes, macrophages contain no ___________
no peroxidase
67
What is the macrophage present in the lungs?
Alveolar macrophages
68
What is the macrophage present in the liver?
Kupffer cells
69
What is the macrophage present in the brain!
Microglial cells
70
What is the macrophage present in the bones?
Osteoclasts
71
What is the macrophage present in connective tissues?
Histocytes
72
T or F
Macrophages may not be as efficient as neutrophils in phagocytosis because their motility is **slow**
Trye
73
T or F
Macrophages play an important role in initiating and regulating **both innate and adaptive immune responses**
True
74
Macrophages under _______ immune system has the following functions:
- microbial killing
- anti-tumor activity
- intracellular parasite eradication
- phagocytosis
- secretion of cell mediators
Innate immunity
75
Killing activity of macrophages are enhanced when they become “activated” by contact with microorganisms or with **chemical messengers** called __________, which are released by ___________
cytokines ; T lymphocytes
76
Macrophages play a major role in the ________ immune response by **presenting antigens to T and B cells**
adaptive
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This tissue cells resembles basophils , however comes from a different cell lineage and has a longer life span (9 - 18 mos.)
Mast cells
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This tissue cell plays an important role in **allergic reactions** and can also function as **antigen-presenting cells** (APCs) and both **enhance and suppress adaptive immune responses**
Mast cells
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This tissue cells **present the antigen to T lymphocytes** to initiate the adaptive immune response in a similar way as macrophages
Dendritic cells
80
It is the most effective APC
Dendritic cells
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It is the most potent phagocytic cells
Dendritic cells
82
Lymphocytes arise from an HSC and then are further differentiated in the primary lymphoid organs: __________ & ________
- bone marrow
- thymus
83
Lymphocytes can be divided into three major populations namely:
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells (Natural Killer)
84
Among the three major populations of lymphocytes, rank them from most abundant to least abundant
1. T cells (61% - 80%)
2. B cells (20%)
3. NK cells (10 - 15%)
85
**Antigenic groups** identified by different sets of antibodies reacting in a similar manner to certain standard cell lines best describes ___________
Clusters of differentiation (CD)
86
This cell of the Adaptive IS remain in the environment provided by **bone marrow stromal cells**
B cells
87
B cells can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types, namely:
- IgM
- IgD
88
Other surface proteins that appear on the B cell include:
- CD19
- CD21
- Class II MHC
89
T cells are so named because they differentiate in the __________
thymus
90
In T cells, lymphocyte precursors called _________ enter the thymus from the bone marrow through the bloodstream
thymocytes
91
The role of T cells is to produce ________ that contribute to immunity by **stimulating B cells** to produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and helping to regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response
cytokines
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The process in which T cells are responsible for is _______
Cell-mediated immunity
93
The process in which B cells are responsible for is (secretion) _______
Humoral immunity
94
What are the 3 main subtypes of T cells which can distinguish them according to their unique functions:
C-H-R
- regulatory
- cytolytic
- helper
95
The subtypes of T cells can be identified by the presence of the ________ marker on their **cell surface**
CD3
96
T cells can be identified by either _____ or ____ (CD)
CD4+, CD8+
97
T cells bearing the ______ receptor are mainly either **helper**or **regulatory cells**
CD4
98
T cells bearing the ______ consists of **cytotoxic** T cells
CD8+
99
The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in peripheral blood is:
2:1
100
These cells ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NK cells
101
These cells mature in the **bone marrow** itself similar to B cells, however are part of innate immunity and are larger than B & T cells
NK cells
102
T or F
There are no surface markers that are unique to NK cells
True
103
Because of the presence of _______ (CD), NK cells are able to **make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies**
CD16
104
These cells are capable of recognizing any foreign cell and represent the first line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells
NK cells
105
This plays an important role as a **transitional cell** bridging the innate and adoptive immune response
NK cells
106
What are the two primary lymphoid organs?
- Bone marrow
- thymus
107
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- MALT
- CALT
108
B cells received their name because they were originally found to mature in **birds** in an organ called the _______
bursa of Fabricius
109
B-cell maturation takes place within the ________
bone marrow
110
Immature T cells appear in the **fetus** as early as _________ in the gestational period
8 weeks
111
Maturation of T cells takes place over a ____________ as cells filter through the **thymic cortex to the medulla**
3-week period
112
It is within these __________ organs that the **main contact with foreign antigens** takes place
secondary
113
It us the largest lymphatic vessel and is where the lymphocytes passes through when traveling through the tissue and return to the bloodstream
Thoracic duct
114
What ars the major of circulating lymphocytes
T cells
115
___ lymphocytes are **effector cells** that serve a **regulatory role**
T lymphocytes
116
____ lymphocytes produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
117
___________, or **multiplication** of lymphocytes, occurs in the **secondary lymphoid tissue** and is strictly **dependent** on antigenic stimulation
Lymphopoiesis
118
**Formation of lymphocytes** in the **bone marrow**, however, is antigen-_________
independent
119
It is the **largest secondary** lymphoid organ and is characterized as a large discriminating filter as it **removes old and damaged cells** and foreign antigens
Spleen
120
Splenic tissue can be divided into two main types:
- red pulp
- white pulp
121
The **red pulp** of the spleen makes up more than one-half of the total volume and its function is to destroy old _______
RBCs
122
The white pulp of the sleepy comprises approximately 20% of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a __________
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
123
The sheath of PALS contains mainly __________ and attached to the sheath are **primary follicles** which contain ________
T cells ; B cells
124
This organ serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues.
Lymph nodes
125
It is is a filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and low-molecular-weight solutes
Lymph fluid
126
This organ has an important role in the Filtration of interstitial fluid from around cells
Lymph nodes
127
This organ provides the ideal environment for contact with foreign antigens that have penetrated into the tissues
Lymph node
128
________ follicles consist of **antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells**
Secondary follicles
129
The interior of a secondary follicle is known as
Germinal center
130
T lymphocytes are mainly localized (lymph nodes) in the ________, the region between the follicles and the medulla.
Paracortex
131
The condition wherein there is an accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells which causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged
lymphadenopathy
132
___ cells differentiate into **memory cells** and **plasma cells** and are responsible for **humoral** immunity or **antibody formation**
B cells
133
_____ cells play a role in **cell-mediated immunity** and they produce **sensitized lymphocytes** that secrete **cytokines**
T cells
134
Innate or Adaptive
Epithelial barriers
Innate
135
Innate or Adaptive
Dendritic cells
Both
136
Innate or Adaptive
Natural killer cells
Innate
137
Innate or Adaptive
**acute** inflammation
Innate
138
Innate or Adaptive
Neutrophils
Innate
139
Innate or Adaptive
Basophils
Innate
140
Innate or Adaptive
Eosinophils
Innate
141
Innate or Adaptive
Monocyte / macrophage
Both
142
Innate or Adaptive
Complement system
Innate
143
Innate or Adaptive
Lymphocytes
Adaptive
144
Innate or Adaptive
1st & 2nd line of defense
Innate
145
Innate or Adaptive
Generic response
Innate
146
Innate or Adaptive
Specific response
147
Innate or Adaptive
3rd line of defense
Adaptive
148
Innate or Adaptive
Cytokines
Both?
149
What are the markers that are possessed by foreign materials that helps the IS recognize them!
Pathogen Associated Membrane Protein (PAMPs)
150
What is the receptor that recognizes PAMPs?
Pathogen Recognition Receptor (PRR) (e.g.: Toll-like Receptor)
151
What are the processes under phagocytosis (2nd line of defense)?
- initiation
- chemotaxus
- engulfment (enhanced by osponizaaiton)
- digestion
152
What is the soluble factor secreted in humoral immunity?
Antibodies
153
What is the antigen recognition receptor in humoral immunity?
Antibodies (BCR)
154
What are the type of Ang recognized by humoral immunity?
Extracellular pathogens
155
What are the type of Ang recognized by cell-mediated immunity?
Intracellular, intravesicular microbes
156
What is the soluble factors secrete in CM immunity?
Cytokines
157
What is the Ag recognition receptor in CM immunity?
TCR
158
What is the the mode of action against a pathogen in CM immunity?
Cell lysis, apoptosis
159
Under adaptive immunity, what are the two subtypes?
- natural
- artifical
160
Under natural adaptive immunity, what are the two subtypes?
- passive (maternal)
- active (infection)
161
Under artificial adaptive immunity, what are the two subtypes?
- passive (antibody transfer)
- active (immunization)
162
What is the differentiated form of B cells which can secrete antibodies?
Plasma cells
