11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is empirical formula?
-lowest whole number ratio of the elements in the compound
-Calculate:-number of moles of each element
-divide by smallest number of moles
-Use the lowest whole-number ratio
What is molecular formula?
- total number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
What is alkanes , alkenes and alcohol general formula?
-alkanes is CnH2n+2
-alkenes is CnH2n
-Alcohol is CnH2n+1OH
What is structural formula?
-shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound but does not show all the bonds between them
-CH3CH2COCH3
What is display formula?
-shows all atoms and bonds between them
What is skeletal formula?
-shows carbon bonds only and functional group
What are homologus series?
-compounds with the same functional group and general formula
-alkanes, alkenes
What are successive members?
-differs by -CH2 (in same HS)
-gradually changing physical properties, for example, boiling point, melting point and density
What is the prefix for branches alkanes?
alkyl-
Exampls: CH3CH(CH3)CH3 is methylpropane
What are the steps to naming a compound?
-name longest continuous chain e.g butane
-suffix is the functional group e.g ol
-number C chain so functional group is on the lowest number
-note the C number and place before suffix e.g 1-ol
-any side chain should be written as prefic in alphabetical order e.g 3-methylbutane-1-ol
What are mechanisms?
-shows movement of electrons during a chemical reaction
What do curly arrows in a mechanism show?
-movement of a pair of electrons (by forming or breaking of a bond)
-arrow starts at area with electrons, end when they electrons move to
-FREE RADICAL MECHANISMS DON’T REQUIRE CURLY ARROWS
What are structural isomers?
-same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are chain isomers?
-have the same molecular formula
-different arrangement of the carbon skeleton
What are functional group isomers?
-have the same molecular formula
-have a different functional group
What are positional isomers?
-have the same molecular formula
-different position of functional group
What are stereoisomers (E/Z isomerism)?
-same structural formula
-different arrangement of bonds in space
two types: E/Z and optical
What are free radicals?
-unpaired electrons
-extremely reactive
What do E/Z isomers tell us?
-position of substituents at either side od carbon carbon double bonds
-Z is on the same side
-E is on the opposite side
