11 Introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

what is the empricla formula

Answer 1

formula that shows the simplest ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

Question 2

what is the molecula formula

Answer 2

the actual number of atoms in each element in a molecule

Question 3

what is the structural formula

Answer 3

shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form without showing all the bonds

Question 4

what is the skeletal formula

Answer 4

shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with any functional groups.The hydrogen and carbon atoms arent shown

Question 5

what is the displayed formula

Answer 5

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

Question 6

what is the homologous series

Answer 6

a series of compounds containing the same functional group but different carbon length

Question 7

which part of a molecule has most of ita chemical properties

Answer 7

the functional group

Question 8

what is the suffix of alkanes

Answer 8

-ane

Question 9

what is the the prefix of brnahced alkanes

Answer 9

alkyl-

Question 10

what is the prefix of halogenoalkanes

Answer 10

fluoro-/chloro-/bromo-/iodo-

Question 11

what is the usffix of an alkene

Answer 11

-ene

Question 12

what is the suffix of alchols

Answer 12

-ol

Question 13

what is the suffix of aldehydes

Answer 13

-al

Question 14

what is the suffix of ketones

Answer 14

-one

Question 15

what is the suffix of carboxylic acids

Answer 15

-oic acid

Question 16

what is the prefix and suffix of esters

Answer 16

alkyl-

-oate eg.ethyl ethanoate

Question 17

what is the suffix of amines

Answer 17

-amine

Question 18

what is the suffix of amides

Answer 18

-amide

Question 19

what is the suffix and prefix of cycloalkanes

Answer 19

cyclo-

-ane eg.cyclohexane

Question 20

what are the IUPAC rules for naming compunds

Answer 20

count the number of carbons in the longest carbon chain (can be branched) this gives you the stem of the word

2. The main functional group gives you the suffix
3. number the carbon s in the longest carbon chain so that the carbon with the main functional group attached has the lowest possible number
4. write the carbon number that the functional group is on before the suffix
5. Any side chains or less important functional groups are added as prefixes at the start of the name.Put them in alphabetical order with the number of the carbon atom each is attached to
6. if theres more than one identical functional group use di-,tri- before that part of the name but you ignore this when working out the alphabetical order.

Question 21

in Free-radical mechanisms what does the dot represent

Answer 21

the unpaired electron

Question 22

are curly arrows used for radical mechanisms

Answer 22

no

Question 23

what does a curly arrow shows and from where is it drawn from and to what does the arrow head end at

Answer 23

the arrow starts at the lone pair where the electrons are at the beginning of the reaction
the arrow points to where the new bond is formed at the end of the reaction

Question 24

what are isomers

Answer 24

molecules witht he same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

Question 25

what is structural isomerism

Answer 25

they have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Question 26

what are the three types of structural isomerism

Answer 26

chain isomerism positonal isomerism functional group isomerism

Question 27

what is chain isomerism

Answer 27

they have the same molecular formula but diffrent carbon chqain arrangements

Question 28

what is poitional isomerism

Answer 28

the have the same molecular formula but the atom or groyp of atoms is attached to a diffrent carbon atom

Question 29

what is functional group isomerism

Answer 29

they have the same molecualr formula but the atoms are arranged into different functional groups

Question 30

wht is sterioisomerism

Answer 30

when two or more compunds have the same structural formula fbut different bond arrangement

Question 31

what are the two types of sterioisomerism

Answer 31

E-Z isomerism and optical isomerism

Question 32

what does E(trans) isomer show

Answer 32

same groups are opposite

Question 33

what does Z(cis) isomer show

Answer 33

same groups are together

Question 34

what are the Cahn -Ingold-Prelog-Priority Rules to identify E/Z isomer

Answer 34

1.assign a priority to two atoms attached to each carbon in the double bond the atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given the higher priority 3.Look at how the two priority groups are arranged its E isomerism if the two priority groups are opposite and its Z isomerism if the two priority groups are togther

Question 35

why does E-Z isomerism occur

Answer 35

the planar carbon–carbon double bond has restricted rotation