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AQA Chemistry AS level and A level > 11 Introduction to organic chemistry > Flashcards

11 Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the empricla formula

A

formula that shows the simplest ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

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2
Q

what is the molecula formula

A

the actual number of atoms in each element in a molecule

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3
Q

what is the structural formula

A

shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form without showing all the bonds

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4
Q

what is the skeletal formula

A

shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with any functional groups.The hydrogen and carbon atoms arent shown

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5
Q

what is the displayed formula

A

shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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6
Q

what is the homologous series

A

a series of compounds containing the same functional group but different carbon length

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7
Q

which part of a molecule has most of ita chemical properties

A

the functional group

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8
Q

what is the suffix of alkanes

A

-ane

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9
Q

what is the the prefix of brnahced alkanes

A

alkyl-

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10
Q

what is the prefix of halogenoalkanes

A

fluoro-/chloro-/bromo-/iodo-

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11
Q

what is the usffix of an alkene

A

-ene

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12
Q

what is the suffix of alchols

A

-ol

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13
Q

what is the suffix of aldehydes

A

-al

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14
Q

what is the suffix of ketones

A

-one

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15
Q

what is the suffix of carboxylic acids

A

-oic acid

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16
Q

what is the prefix and suffix of esters

A

alkyl-

-oate eg.ethyl ethanoate

17
Q

what is the suffix of amines

A

-amine

18
Q

what is the suffix of amides

A

-amide

19
Q

what is the suffix and prefix of cycloalkanes

A

cyclo-

-ane eg.cyclohexane

20
Q

what are the IUPAC rules for naming compunds

A

count the number of carbons in the longest carbon chain (can be branched) this gives you the stem of the word

  1. The main functional group gives you the suffix
  2. number the carbon s in the longest carbon chain so that the carbon with the main functional group attached has the lowest possible number
  3. write the carbon number that the functional group is on before the suffix
  4. Any side chains or less important functional groups are added as prefixes at the start of the name.Put them in alphabetical order with the number of the carbon atom each is attached to
  5. if theres more than one identical functional group use di-,tri- before that part of the name but you ignore this when working out the alphabetical order.
21
Q

in Free-radical mechanisms what does the dot represent

A

the unpaired electron

22
Q

are curly arrows used for radical mechanisms

A

no

23
Q

what does a curly arrow shows and from where is it drawn from and to what does the arrow head end at

A

the arrow starts at the lone pair where the electrons are at the beginning of the reaction
the arrow points to where the new bond is formed at the end of the reaction

24
Q

what are isomers

A

molecules witht he same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

25
Q

what is structural isomerism

A

they have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

26
Q

what are the three types of structural isomerism

A

chain isomerism
positonal isomerism
functional group isomerism

27
Q

what is chain isomerism

A

they have the same molecular formula but diffrent carbon chqain arrangements

28
Q

what is poitional isomerism

A

the have the same molecular formula but the atom or groyp of atoms is attached to a diffrent carbon atom

29
Q

what is functional group isomerism

A

they have the same molecualr formula but the atoms are arranged into different functional groups

30
Q

wht is sterioisomerism

A

when two or more compunds have the same structural formula fbut different bond arrangement

31
Q

what are the two types of sterioisomerism

A

E-Z isomerism and optical isomerism

32
Q

what does E(trans) isomer show

A

same groups are opposite

33
Q

what does Z(cis) isomer show

A

same groups are together

34
Q

what are the Cahn -Ingold-Prelog-Priority Rules to identify E/Z isomer

A

1.assign a priority to two atoms attached to each carbon in the double bond the atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given the higher priority
3.Look at how the two priority groups are arranged
its E isomerism if the two priority groups are opposite and its Z isomerism if the two priority groups are togther

35
Q

why does E-Z isomerism occur

A

the planar carbon–carbon double bond has restricted rotation

AQA Chemistry AS level and A level (12 decks)

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