11: Management

Question 1

What % of Australia’s coastline resides 50km within the coastline?

Answer 1

85%

Question 2

What does the longest tide gauge in Australia indicate about future climate conditions?

Answer 2

Gradual SLR and increasing storm occurence

Question 3

What decade saw major storm events successively?

Answer 3

1970s

Question 4

What are 5 coastal hazards arising from SLR?

Answer 4

1) Submergence of land
2) enhanced flooding
3) erosion of land and beaches
4) salinisation of soil groundwater and surface water
5) loss and change in marine and coastal ecosystem
6) Impeded drainage

Question 5

What are 5 direct impacts of coastal hazards?

Answer 5

1) loss of land and land uses
2) loss of coastal and marine ecosystem services
3) damage to people
4) damage to built environment
5) Damage to human activities``

Question 6

Why is modelling the impacts of SLR around Australia so difficult?

Answer 6

Because the coastline features so many different environments and conditions

Question 7

Which level of government has the most power when it comes to governing the environment/managing plans?

Answer 7

State government

Question 8

What is the main thing that the federal government can do when it comes to environmental management

Answer 8

Provide guidance and steer states to certain areas of interest

Question 9

How can the federal government provide guidance?

Answer 9

Carry out a parliamentary enquiry regarding an area of environmental interest so that discussion around this topic increases and the states are forced to act

Question 10

What is an example enquiry that the federal government conducted?

Answer 10

The Climate Change Risks to Australia’s Coast

Question 11

What did the The Climate Change Risks to Australia’s Coast enquiry investigate?

Answer 11

The potential effects of 1m sea level rise around Australia

Question 12

What is the main purpose of the Environment Protection and Biodiversiy Conservation Act?

Answer 12

Ensures that all state in Australia are adhering and contributing towards the international treaties that the federal government has agree to on the international stage

Question 13

When was the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act?

Answer 13

1999

Question 14

What are 5 examples state (NSW) legislation acts and the date they were introduced?

Answer 14

Local Government Act (1993)
Crown Lands Act (1989)
Threatened Species Act (1995)
Environmental Planning and Assessment Act (1979)
Noxious Weeds Act (1993)

Question 15

What is the potential problem with so many pieces of environmental legislation?

Answer 15

It means that there are a lot of hoops that plans need to jump through before it is implemented. This means that eventhough a plan might be a good idea it might be tripped up by not meeting to conditions of one piece of legislation

Question 16

What are 3 example state policies?

Answer 16

Local Environmental Plan
State Environmental Planning Policy
NSW Coastal Policy

Question 17

What is the difference between legislation and policies?

Answer 17

Legislation must be followed whereas policies are an intended course of action to work towards

Question 18

When was the NSW Coastal Policy implemented?

Answer 18

1997

Question 19

What were 4 focuses of the NSW Coastal Policy?

Answer 19

1) Set context for population and economic growth in coastal zone
2) Precautionary principle
3) Inter-generational equity
4) Conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity
5) Foreshadowed concern about climate change

Question 20

What was the precautionary principle in the NSW Coastal Policy?

Answer 20

If there is a threat of environmental damage then lack of full scientific certainty regarding this threat is not a reason to postpone action

Question 21

What happened regarding the NSW Coastal Policy in 2010?

Answer 21

Reforms were made because the initially proposed policy was perceived to be overly focused on future hazards and did not adequately consider local immediate concerns

Question 22

What were the initial SL projections in the NSW Coastal Policy that were perceived as insignificant and why was this?

Answer 22

0.4m rise by 2050 and 0.9m by 2100. There was not enough confidence in these targets

Question 23

What were the main reforms to the NSW Coastal Policy in 2010?

Answer 23

Allowing landowners to make individual decisions to protect properties themselves
Local government given a greater role to ensure that the individuals adhered to this.

Question 24

What was the local government perspective on the revised NSW Coastal Policy in 2010?

Answer 24

They did not like how it now meant they had too much responsibility - before the state level measures made it easier for local councils to implement targets. Now they had to put their thinking caps on

Question 25

What was an act that shortly followed the NSW Coastal Policy and what did it involve?

Answer 25

Coastal Management Act - this involved production of a coastal management manual that featured a guided 5-stage process in terms of how to execute/implement management plans

Question 26

What was the name of the Illawarra Coastal Management plan that followed the revised NSW Coastal Policy?

Answer 26

Wollongong City Council Coastal Zone Management Study

Question 27

What was a main employed tool in the Wollongong City Council Coastal Zone Management Study?

Answer 27

Bruun Rule

Question 28

What were the two accompanying projects to the Wollongong City Council Coastal Zone Management Study?

Answer 28

1) framework for assessing risk and adaptation to climate change on Australian coasts 2) Coastal urban climate futures

Question 29

What rank is Collaroy-Narrabeen beach in Australia in regards to coastal erosion?

Answer 29

3rd

Question 30

Outline the history of Collaroy-Narrabeen beach

Answer 30

``` 1906 = land division policies 1945 = first evidence of the major coastal erosion that might happen 1967 = sea wall created 1974 = major storm period and major coastal protection services implemented 2007 = major erosion event 2016 = major erosion events ```

Question 31

When was the Narrabeen Coastline Management plan created?

Answer 31

1997

Question 32

What were the 4 aspects of the Narrabeen Coastline Management Plan?

Answer 32

Protective works Environmental planning measures Development control Dune management

Question 33

Outline the protective works aspect of the Narrabeen Coastline Management Plan

Answer 33

Replace the then ad-hoc sea wall with a new sea wall along the coast

Question 34

What was the protective works plan met wit and when?

Answer 34

Protest from local community in 2002 who preferred softer management strategies

Question 35

What did the 2002 Narrabeen protestors want as part of softer management?

Answer 35

Beach nourishment and dune restoration

Question 36

What was the environmental planning measure aspect of the Narrabeen Coastline Management Plan?

Answer 36

Selective voluntary purchase/open space acquisition of areas along the coastline that were at risk.

Question 37

What problem has been encountered with selective land purchasing along the Narrabeen beach coastline?

Answer 37

Only 2 properties purchased so far because this is an expensive area of land

Question 38

What was the development control aspect of the Narrabeen Coastline Management Plan?

Answer 38

Guidelines featured different lines along the beach that were separated based upon each area corresponding to a different degree of risk

Question 39

What was the dune management aspect of the Narrabeen Coastline Management Plan?

Answer 39

Beach nourishment, sand replenishment, dune re-vegetation, and prioritising public safety throughout

Question 40

What was another potential management plan for Narrabeen?

Answer 40

Groynes