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Chemistry - Module 4 > 11 - Organic Chem > Flashcards

11 - Organic Chem Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

molecule contains only single bond

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3
Q

Define unsaturated

A

molecule contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds

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4
Q

Define homologous series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by CH2

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5
Q

Define functional group

A

the part of an organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

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6
Q

Define molecular formula

A

• Shows the number of each type of atom present in one molecule of a compound

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7
Q

Define empirical formula

A

• Shows the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present

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8
Q

What does the neither the molecular or empirical formula show

A

information about the structure of a molecule

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9
Q

Define general formula

A

• Simplest algebraic formula for any member of the homologous series

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10
Q

General formula for alkanes

A
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11
Q

General formula for alkenes

A
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12
Q

General formula for alcohols

A
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13
Q

General formula for carboxylic acids

A
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14
Q

General formula for ketones

A
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15
Q

What is structural formula

A

• Shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule and which functional groups are present
• Doesn’t show single bonds unlike displayed formula

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16
Q

What is the skeletal formula

A

Simplified organic formula

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17
Q

How to draw the skeletal formula

A

• Remove – all carbon/hydrogen labels + any bonds to hydrogen

• Leaving – a line representing a single bond // each corner is a carbon // any functional group

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18
Q

Draw the skeletal formula

A
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19
Q

What are the three types of hydrocarbons

A

• Aliphatic

• Alicyclic

• Aromatic

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20
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

carbons are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chains

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21
Q

What are Alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures

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22
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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23
Q

Types of aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

• Alkanes

• Alkenes

• Alkynes

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24
Q

What are alkynes

A

contain at least one carbon – carbon triple bonds

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25
IUPAC rules for nomenclature
• Identify the suffix – functional group • Identify the longest continuous chain o If two are the same length, the one with the more branches = longest • Number the carbons, starting from the end which gives branches the lowest number • Identify any side chains (alkyl groups) or other functional groups + identify which number carbon on the parent chain they are on
26
When to use commas in naming
Between two numbers
27
When to use dashes in naming
Between a number and a letter
28
How to make acyclic alkanes
• Same rules • BUT use the prefix ‘cyclo’ in front of stem
29
Functional group name + example molecule of halo alkenes
30
Functional group name + example molecule of alcohols
31
Functional group name + example molecule of aldehyde
32
Functional group name + example molecule of ketone
33
Functional group name + example molecule of carboxylic acid
34
Order of priority of naming
35
Name
Propan - 2 - ol
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44
Define isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but in which the atoms are arranged in a different way
45
Two types of isomerism
Structural and stereoisomerism
46
Define structural isomerism
have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae
47
Define stereoisomerism
have the same structural formula, but different arrangements of atoms in space.
48
Types of structural isomerism
Chain isomerism /positional isomerism / functional groups isomerism
49
What is chain isomerism
• the carbon chain is arranged differently.
50
What does chain isomerism result in
The isomers will have similar chemical properties, but different physical properties.
51
What is positional isomerism
• the functional group is attached to a different carbon atom
52
What does positional isomerism result in
The isomers will have similar chemical properties, but different physical properties.
53
What is functional group isomerism
• contain different functional groups and so are members of different homologous series.
54
What does functional group isomerism result in
different chemical properties and physical properties.
55
Example of functional group isomerism
both alcohols and ethers have the general formula CnH2n+2O so they may be functional group isomers
56
Define covalent bond
a shared pair of electrons between two atoms
57
How are covalent bonds broken
homolytic fission or heterolytic fission
58
What is homolytic fission
• each atom takes one of the electrons from the bond
59
What does homolytic fission result in
• Each atom now has a single unpaired electron = A radical
60
Define radical
Species with an unpaired electron
61
Example of homolytic fission
62
What is heterolytic fission
• One of the atoms take both electrons from the bond
63
What does heterolytic fission result in
• The atom with both electrons becomes a negative ion • The atom that did not take the electrons becomes a positive ion
64
Example of heterolytic fission
65
Describe the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission, using suitable examples (4 marks)
66
What are the three types of reactions
• Addition, substitution, elimination
67
What is addition reaction
• two reactants join together to form one product
68
Example of an addition reaction
but-2-ene + water -> butan-2-ol o A water molecule is added to an unsaturated alkene o Breaking the double bond o Forming a single, saturated compound
69
What is a substitution reaction
• An atom/group of atoms is replaced by a different group/atom
70
Example of a substitution reaction
1-bromobutane + OH- -> butan-1-ol + Br- o An OH- ion (alcohol functional group) replaces Br- ion (bromine functional group)
71
What is an elimination reaction
small molecule is removed from a compound, thus one reactant molecule forms two products.
72
Example of an elimination reaction
ethanol - > ethene + water o an acid catalyst helps remove a water molecule from an alcohol o Removal of a group from a carbon means that the carbon must form a double bond (to fulfil the 4 bonds that it wants to form)
73
What are curly arrows used for
to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are broken/made
74
Draw the heterolytic fission of carbon - bromine bond in bromoethane

Chemistry - Module 4 (10 decks)

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