11. Organic chemistry Flashcards

Question

What is it important to remember when there is more than one carbon atom on which the functional group can be located?

Answer 1

When there is more than one carbon atom where a functional group can be located it is important to distinguish exactly which carbon the functional group is on

Answer 2

When 2 functional groups are present di- is used as a prefix to the second part of the name

Answer 3

Branching also needs to be considered, the carbon atoms with the branches are described by their number

Answer 4

When the location of functional groups and branches needs to be described the functional group takes precedence so the functional group has the lowest number

Answer 5

methane ethane propane butane

Answer 6

ethene propene butene

Answer 7

methanol ethanol propanol butanol

Answer 8

methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid butanoic acid

Answer 9

ethyl propanoic

Answer 10

butyl methanoate

Answer 11

pentyl ethanoate

Answer 12

This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties

Answer 13

due to them having the same functional group

Answer 14

The same general formula Same functional group Similar chemical properties Gradation in their physical properties The difference in the molecular formula between one member and the next is CH2

Answer 15

This is a group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement

Answer 16

responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a homologous series

Answer 17

alkane alkene alcohol carboxylic acid amine ester

Answer 18

H H | | --C--C-- | | H H

Answer 19

H H | | –C==C– | |

Answer 20

O || –C–OH | |

Answer 21

NH2 | –C– |

Answer 22

O || | –C–O–C– |

Answer 23

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Answer 24

This is due to the different arrangement of their atoms in space

Answer 25

There are two types: chain and position

Answer 26

In chain isomerism the structure of the carbon chain differs

Answer 27

In position isomerism, the position of the functional group differs

Answer 28

A fuel is a substance which when burned, releases heat energy

Answer 29

This heat can be transferred into electricity, which we use in our daily lives

Answer 30

Most common fossil fuels include coal, natural gas and hydrocarbons such as methane and propane which are obtained from crude oil

Answer 31

Petroleum is also called crude oil

Answer 32

a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas

Answer 33

It is a thick, sticky, black liquid that is found under porous rock (under the ground and under the sea)

Answer 34

NO Petroleum itself as a mixture isn’t very useful but each component part of the mixture, called a fraction, is useful and each fraction has different applications

Answer 35

The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called fractional distillation

Answer 36

The molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain

Answer 37

The boiling point and viscosity of each fraction increases as the carbon chain gets longer

Answer 38

Fractional distillation is carried out in a fractionating column

Answer 39

The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top

Answer 40

Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise

Answer 41

Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column

Answer 42

Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off

Answer 43

The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids.

Answer 44

The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases

Answer 45

The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column

Answer 46

refers to the ease of flow of a liquid

Answer 47

High viscosity liquids are thick and flow less easily.

Answer 48

If the number of carbon atoms increases, the attraction between the hydrocarbon molecules also increases which results in the liquid becoming more viscous with the increasing length of the hydrocarbon chain. The liquid flows less easily with increasing molecular mass

Answer 49

Colour: As carbon chain length increases the colour of the liquid gets darker as it gets thicker and more viscous

Answer 50

As the molecules get larger, the intermolecular attraction becomes greater. So more heat is needed to separate the molecules. With increasing molecular size there is an increase in boiling point

Answer 51

Volatility refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporise.

Answer 52

With increasing molecular size hydrocarbon liquids become less volatile.

Answer 53

This is because the attraction between the molecules increases with increasing molecular size

Answer 54

refinery gas gasoline / petrol naphtha kerosene / paraffin diesel / gas oil fuel oil lubricating oil bitumen

Answer 55

heating and cooking

Answer 56

fuel for cars (petrol)

Answer 57

raw product for producing chemicals

Answer 58

for making jet fuel (paraffin)

Answer 59

fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)

Answer 60

fuel for ships and for home heating

Answer 61

for lubricants, polishes, waxes

Answer 62

for surfacing roads

Answer 63

only single carbon bonds

Answer 64

A homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds with only single carbon bonds, there are no C=C bonds present

Answer 65

Alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 66

Alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 67

all the carbon bonds in alkanes are single bonds

Answer 68

They are colourless compounds

Answer 69

have a gradual change in their physical properties as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases

Answer 70

Alkanes are generally unreactive compounds

Answer 71

they undergo combustion reactions can be cracked into smaller molecules react with halogens in the presence of light

Answer 72

Methane is an alkane and is the major component of natural gas

Answer 73

methane ethane propane

Answer 74

In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom

Answer 75

Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens

Answer 76

the presence of ultraviolet radiation

Answer 77

Methane + Bromine → Bromomethane + Hydrogen Bromide

Answer 78

CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr

Answer 79

A homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds (C = C)

Answer 80

All alkenes contain a double carbon bond, which is shown as two lines between two of the carbon atoms

Answer 81

This is the alkene functional group and is what allows alkenes to react in ways that alkanes cannot

Answer 82

Compounds that have a C=C double bond are also called unsaturated compounds

Answer 83

Although there is use for each fraction obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil, the amount of longer chain hydrocarbons produced is far greater than needed

Answer 84

A process called catalytic cracking is used to convert longer-chain molecules into short-chain and more useful hydrocarbons

Answer 85

Alkenes and hydrogen are produced from the cracking of alkanes

Answer 86

Kerosene and diesel oil are often cracked to produce petrol, other alkenes and hydrogen

Answer 87

Kerosene and diesel oil are often cracked to produce petrol, other alkenes and hydrogen

Answer 88

Fractions containing large hydrocarbon molecules are heated at 600 – 700°C to vaporise them

Answer 89

Vapours will then pass over a hot catalyst of silica or alumina

Answer 90

This process breaks covalent bonds in the molecules, causing thermal decomposition reactions

Answer 91

As a result, cracking produces smaller alkanes and alkenes. The molecules are broken up in a random way which produce a mixture of alkanes and alkenes

Answer 92

Hydrogen and a higher proportion of alkenes are formed at temperatures of above 700ºC and higher pressure

Answer 93

NO they have different ones

Answer 94

All alkanes are saturated and alkenes are unsaturated

Answer 95

The presence of the C=C double bond allows alkenes to react in ways that alkanes cannot

Answer 96

bromine water

Answer 97

Bromine water is an orange coloured solution of bromine

Answer 98

When bromine water is shaken with an Alkane, it will remain as an orange solution as alkanes do not have double carbon bonds (C=C) so the bromine remains in solution

Answer 99

when bromine water is shaken with an alkene, the alkene will decolourise the bromine water and turn colourless as alkenes do have double carbon bonds (C=C)

Answer 100

The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond hence the solution no longer contains the orange coloured bromine

Answer 101

This reaction between alkenes and bromine is called an addition reaction

Answer 102

A reaction in which a simple molecule adds across the carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene

Answer 103

Addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many small molecules called monomers

Answer 104

Addition polymerisation only occurs in monomers that contain C=C bonds

Answer 105

One of the bonds in each double bond breaks and forms a bond with the adjacent monomer

Answer 106

A common example is poly-ethene (polythene) which is the addition of many ethene monomers

Answer 107

ethene + bromine

Answer 108

ethene + bromine –> 1,2-dibromoethane

Answer 109

Alkenes also undergo addition reactions with hydrogen in which an alkane is formed

Answer 110

These are hydrogenation reactions

Answer 111

occur at 150ºC using a nickel catalyst

Answer 112

Hydrogenation reactions are used to change vegetable oils into margarine to be sold in supermarkets

Answer 113

Alkenes also undergo addition reactions with steam in which an alcohol is formed

Answer 114

Since water is being added to the molecule it is also called a hydration reaction

Answer 115

Temperature of around 330ºC Pressure of 60 – 70 atm Concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst

Answer 116

The reaction is very important industrially for the production of alcohols

Answer 117

Family of organic compounds that all contain the -OH functional group

Answer 118

This is the group of atoms responsible for their chemical properties and reactions

Answer 119

Ethanol (C2H5OH) is one of the most important alcohols

Answer 120

It is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic drinks such as wine and beer It is also used as fuel for cars and as a solvent

Answer 121

Alcohols burn in excess oxygen and produce CO2 and H2O

Answer 122

C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) ==> 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)

Answer 123

The hydration of ethene with steam The fermentation of glucose

Answer 124

A mixture of ethene and steam is passed over a hot catalyst of phosphoric acid

Answer 125

temperature of 330°C The pressure is used 60-70 atmosphere

Answer 126

The gaseous ethanol is then condensed into a liquid for use

Answer 127

Sugar or starch is dissolved in water and yeast is added

Answer 128

The mixture is then fermented between 15 and 35°C with the absence of oxygen for a few days

Answer 129

Yeast contains enzymes that break down starch or sugar to glucose

Answer 130

If the temperature is too low the reaction rate will be too slow

Answer 131

If the temperature is too low the reaction rate will be too slow

Answer 132

if it is too high the enzymes will become denatured

Answer 133

the yeast respire anaerobically using the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide

Answer 134

C6H12O6 + Enzymes → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

Answer 135

The yeast are killed off once the concentration of alcohol reaches around 15%, hence the reaction vessel is emptied and the process is started again

Answer 136

H - complex set-up required F - simple equipment needed

Answer 137

H - uses non-renewable resources (crude oil) F - uses renewable resources (Sugar cane)

Answer 138

H - continuous process F - Batch Process - everything is

Answer 139

H - fast F - slow

Answer 140

H - produces pure ethanol F - produces a dilute solution requiring further processing

Answer 141

H - no greenhouse gas is produced but pollutants are formed from the burning of fossil fuels to maintain a high temperature F - CO2 produced which is a greenhouse gas

Answer 142

H - high temperatures and pressures required, increasing the energy input and cost F- Low temperatures required

Answer 143

a stream of reactant is constantly passed over the catalyst. This is more EFFICIENT than a batch process

Answer 144

everything is mixed together in a reaction vessel and then left for several days. That batch is then removed and a new reaction is set up - this is inefficient

Answer 145

These are a homologous series of organic compounds that all contain the same functional group: –COOH

Answer 146

They are colourless liquids

Answer 147

are weakly acidic

Answer 148

have typical acidic properties

Answer 149

They react with alkaline solutions

Answer 150

turn blue litmus red

Answer 151

form salts called ethanoates

Answer 152

methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid

Answer 153

Ethanoic acid is a typically weak acid and dissociates slightly in water

Answer 154

a mildly acidic solution

Answer 155

CH3COOH ⇌ H+ + CH3COO-

Answer 156

far to the left

Answer 157

Ethanoic acid reacts with the more reactive metals, hydroxides and carbonates

Answer 158

In the reaction with metals a metal salt and hydrogen gas are produced

Answer 159

2CH3COOH + Mg → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 magnesum ethanoate

Answer 160

In the reaction with hydroxides a salt and water are formed in a neutralisation reaction

Answer 161

CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O potassium ethanoate

Answer 162

In the reaction with carbonates a metal salt, water and carbon dioxide gas are produced

Answer 163

2CH3COOH + K2CO3 → 2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2 potassium ethanoate

Answer 164

Oxidation by fermentation Oxidation with potassium manganate (VII)

Answer 165

The microbial oxidation of ethanol

Answer 166

a weak solution of vinegar (ethanoic acid).

Answer 167

bacteria in the air (acetobacter) will use atmospheric oxygen from air to oxidise the ethanol in the wine The acidic, vinegary taste of wine which has been left open for several days is due to the presence of ethanoic acid

Answer 168

C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O

Answer 169

Alcohols can also be oxidised to carboxylic acids by heating with acidified potassium manganate (VII)

Answer 170

The heating is performed under reflux which involves heating the reaction mixture in a vessel with a condenser attached to the top

Answer 171

The condenser prevents the volatile alcohol from escaping the reaction vessel as alcohols have low boiling points

Answer 172

Alcohols and carboxylic acids react to make esters

Answer 173

esterification reactions

Answer 174

Esters are compounds with the functional group R-COO-R

Answer 175

Esters are sweet-smelling oily liquids used in food flavourings and perfumes

Answer 176

concentrated sulfuric acid

Answer 177

Ethanoic acid will react with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) to form ETHYL ETHANOATE

Answer 178

CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Answer 179

The first part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the alcohol,

Answer 180

ends with the letters ‘- yl’

Answer 181

The second part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the carboxylic acid

Answer 182

ends with the letters ‘- oate’

Answer 183

pentyl butanoate

Answer 184

Polymers are large molecules built by linking 50 or more smaller molecules called monomers

Answer 185

Each repeat unit is connected to the adjacent units via covalent bonds

Answer 186

homopolymers contain just one type of unit

Answer 187

polythene and polychloroethene, commonly known as PVC

Answer 188

Others contain two or more different types of monomer units and which are called copolymers

Answer 189

Examples include nylon and biological proteins

Answer 190

NO Different linkages also exist, depending on the monomers and the type of polymerisation

Answer 191

Examples of linkages are covalent bonds, amide links and ester links

Answer 192

Plastics, nylon and terylene

Answer 193

Nylon is a copolymer

Answer 194

used to produce clothing, fabrics, nets and ropes

Answer 195

Terylene is a polyester

Answer 196

made from monomers which are joined together by ester links

Answer 197

Terylene is used extensively in the textile industry and is often mixed with cotton to produce clothing

Answer 198

poly(e)thene polypropene polychloroethene

Answer 199

|~ H H ~| | | | | -- |---C--C---| -- | | | | |_ H H _| n

Answer 200

|~ CH3 H ~| | | | | -- |---C-----C---| -- | | | | |_ H H _| n

Answer 201

|~ H Cl ~| | | | | -- |---C--C---| -- | | | | |_ H H _| n

Answer 202

- plastic bags (low density polythene) - plastic bottles (high density polythene)

Answer 203

food packaging ropes carpets

Answer 204

plastic sheets artificial leather drainpipes and gutters insulation on wires

Answer 205

These are plastics which do not degrade over time or take a very long time to degrade, and cause significant pollution problems

Answer 206

In particular plastic waste has been spilling over into the seas and oceans

Answer 207

it causes huge disruptions to marine life

Answer 208

In landfills waste polymers take up valuable space as they are non-biodegradable so microorganisms cannot break them down. This causes the landfill sites to quickly fill up

Answer 209

Polymers release a lot of heat energy when incinerated and produce carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change

Answer 210

If incinerated by incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide will be produced which is a toxic gas that reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

Answer 211

Polymers can be recycled but different polymers must be separated from each other which is a difficult and expensive process

Answer 212

Addition polymers are formed by the joining up of many monomers

Answer 213

only occurs in monomers that contain C=C bonds

Answer 214

One of the bonds in each C=C bond breaks

Answer 215

forms a bond with the adjacent monomer

Answer 216

the polymer being formed containing single bonds only

Answer 217

Many polymers can be made by the addition of alkene monomers

Answer 218

Others are made from alkene monomers with different atoms attached to the monomer such as chlorine or a hydroxyl group

Answer 219

Others are made from alkene monomers with different atoms attached to the monomer such as chlorine or a hydroxyl group

Answer 220

The name of the polymer is deduced by putting the name of the monomer in brackets and adding poly- as the prefix

Answer 221

polypropene

Answer 222

Condensation polymers are formed when monomer molecules are linked together with the removal of a small molecule, usually water

Answer 223

Condensation polymerisation usually involves two different monomers, each one having a functional group on each end

Answer 224

Hydrolysing (adding water) to the compound in acidic conditions usually reverses the reaction and produces the monomers by rupturing the peptide link

Answer 225

Repeat units are used when displaying the formula

Answer 226

Change the double bond in the monomer to a single bond in the repeat unit

Answer 227

Add a bond to each end of the repeat unit

Answer 228

The bonds on either side of the polymer must extend outside the brackets (these are called extension or continuation bonds)

Answer 229

A small subscript n is written on the bottom right-hand side to indicate a large number of repeat units

Answer 230

Identify the repeating unit in the polymer Change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double bond in the monomer Remove the bond from each end of the repeat unit and the subscript n

Answer 231

A POLYAMIDE - a polymer where the monomer units are joined together by amide (peptide) links

Answer 232

made from dicarboxylic acid monomers and diamines

Answer 233

a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end

Answer 234

an amine with an -NH2 group at either end

Answer 235

Each -COOH group reacts with another -NH2 group on another monomer

Answer 236

An amide linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link

Answer 237

Carbohydrates provide energy which is released during cellular respiration

Answer 238

Proteins are the building blocks of cells and are essential for growth and all of the enzyme catalysts in the body are proteins

Answer 239

Proteins are condensation polymers

Answer 240

formed from amino acid monomers joined together by peptide bonds, similar to the structure in Nylon

Answer 241

The units in proteins are different however, consisting of amino acids

Answer 242

Amino acids are small molecules containing NH2 and COOH functional groups

Answer 243

Most proteins contain at least 20 different amino acids

Answer 244

Proteins can be hydrolysed by the addition of water in acidic or alkaline conditions

Answer 245

Heat and concentrated acid (usually 6 mol/dm3 HCl) are used with a reflux condenser

Answer 246

to prevent the acidic vapours from escaping the reaction vessel

Answer 247

Aqueous ammonia is added after completion to neutralise the excess acid

Answer 248

Enzymes can also be used to hydrolyse some proteins at room temperature, mimicking natural bodily processes

Answer 249

Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Answer 250

There are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates

Answer 251

Simple carbohydrates are called monosaccharides and are sugars such as fructose and glucose

Answer 252

Complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.

Answer 253

These are condensation polymers formed from simple sugar monomers

Answer 254

Complex carbohydrates, unlike proteins, are usually made up of the same monomers

Answer 255

A H2O molecule is eliminated when simple sugars polymerise

Answer 256

The linkage formed is an -O- linkage called a glycosidic linkage

Answer 257

The complex carbohydrates also undergo hydrolysis and produce the simple sugar monomers from which they were made

Answer 258

This can be done by refluxing with more moderately concentrated HCl

Answer 259

Simple sugars can be fermented to produce alcohol

Answer 260

They are dissolved in water and yeast is added to be fermented between 15 and 35°C in the absence of oxygen for a few days

Answer 261

If the temperature is too low the reaction rate will be too slow and if it is too high the enzymes will become denatured

Answer 262

Yeast contains zymase enzymes (biological catalysts) that break down starch or sugar to glucose

Answer 263

The yeast respires anaerobically using the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide

Answer 264

C6H12O6 + Enzymes → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

Answer 265

The identification of the products of the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins can be done using chromatography

Answer 266

Both carbohydrate and protein monomers are colourless so locating agents must be used

Answer 267

A technique called 2-Dimensional paper chromatography is used as some simple sugars and amino acids have the same Rf value

Answer 268

In this technique a run is carried out in one direction, then the paper is rotated by 90º and performed again using a different solvent

Answer 269

This further separates sample spots that may not have separated in the first run

Answer 270

The resulting chromatogram is dried and sprayed with a locating agent

Answer 271

The Rf value of each solvent used is characteristic for each sugar or amino acid

Answer 272

A compound containing only Hydrogen and Carbon.

Answer 273

Saturated Hydrocarbons -ane H(n)C(2n+2)

Answer 274

Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent-

Answer 275

> Low boiling point High volatility Low viscosity (V runny) Burn without a smoky flame.

Answer 276

> High boiling point Low volatility High viscosity (not runny) Burn with a smoky flame

Answer 277

A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures, then condensing them and collecting the liquids.

Answer 278

350-50 degrees.

Answer 279

When oxygen is added to a substance (or when electrons are lost).

Answer 280

When a oxygen is removed from a substance (or when electrons are gained).

Answer 281

Carbon Dioxide + Water

Answer 282

A toxic gas (formula SO2) that causes acid rain.

Answer 283

A It absorbs radiation which has been emitted from the surface of the earth as energy, causing it to remain in the atmosphere.

Answer 284

When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product.

Answer 285

It is picked up by red blood cells instead of Oxygen. It is colourless and odourless.

Answer 286

Gaseous pollutant given off by motor vehicles; a cause of acid rain.

Answer 287

Small solid particles of carbon and hydrocarbons given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of their fuel.

Answer 288

The reflection of sunlight back into space, caused by particulates. Possible cause of cancer.

Answer 289

> Less harmful if spilled. Burns more cleanly (Less particulates emitted). Will become cheaper as resources dwindle. Plants absorb CO2 as they grow, making biofuels ‘carbon dioxide neutral’. (CO2 still used in fertilisation, harvesting, extracting and processing, and transportation).

Answer 290

> Use farmland, so less is available for crop production. > Could result in famine, deforestation and species becoming extinct as their habitats are destroyed.

Answer 291

The reaction in which enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Answer 292

Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Answer 293

It reacts to produce water; it is clean and environmentally friendly.

Answer 294

The reaction used to break down large unusable hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones.

Answer 295

Passed over a hot catalyst/ mixed with steam Heated to a high temperature (e.g. 500 degrees)

Answer 296

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon double bonds. General formula CnH2n

Answer 297

Bromine water turns from orange to colourless.

Answer 298

A reaction in which water is chemically added to a compound.

Answer 299

alkanes to be used as fuel, and alkenes.

Answer 300

Small reactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a very large molecule (a polymer).

Answer 301

> Easy to shape Strong Transparent

Answer 302

> Strong > Tough

Answer 303

When alkene molecules join together as the double bond between the carbon atoms ‘opens up’ and the thousands of molecules are able to join together.

Answer 304

> The monomers used to make it. > The conditions chosen to carry out the reaction.

Answer 305

> Formed using high pressure and trace oxygen. > Polymer chains are joined together at random and they can’t pack together, hence its lower density.

Answer 306

> Formed using a catalyst at 50 degrees with a slightly raised pressure. Creates straight, closely packed chains that give it a higher density. It is stronger and less prone to melting that LD poly(ethene).

Answer 307

Polymers that form plastics which can be softened by heating, then remoulded into different shapes as they cool down and set.

Answer 308

Polymers that can form extensive cross-linking between chains, resulting in rigid materials which are heat resistant.

Answer 309

Very strong covalent bonds.

Answer 310

> Forces between the polymer chains are weak, and broken by heating. When the polymer cools down again, it is brought back together by intermolecular forces.

Answer 311

> Monomers create covalent bonds between the polymer chains when it is forms to create its shape and structure. Covalent bonds are strong, and stops the polymer from melting or changing shape. Polymer will not melt, will char instead at high enough temps.

Answer 312

The C-C double bond in alkenes make them much more reactive.

Answer 313

Polymers that change in response to changes in their environment.

Answer 314

> Building cornstarch molecules into the plastic allows the microorganisms in soil to break up the plastic more quickly. Polymers are being made from plant material.

Answer 315

-C=O-O (CH)

Answer 316

Carbon Dioxide + Water

Answer 317

> The reaction is similar to that of water, but less vigorous. In ethanol the solution formed is sodium ethoxide. Emits hydrogen.

Answer 318

Ethanoic acid + Water

Answer 319

Strong acids ionise completely in water. Strong acids therefore have a higher concentration of H+ ions in their solution.

Answer 320

> Alcohol Carboxylic Acid A strong acid catalyst.

Answer 321

Ester + Water

Answer 322

> Volatile Smell distinctive Used in perfumes and food flavourings.

Answer 323

group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar properties

Answer 324

atom/group of atoms that gives an organic compound its particular chemical properties (e.g. -OH, -COOH)

Answer 325

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula that can be straight-chained or branched

Answer 326

compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Answer 327

hydrocarbon contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 328

meth, eth, prop, but

Answer 329

coal, natural gas, petroleum

Answer 330

A mixture of hydrocarbons

Answer 331

Fractional distillation

Answer 332

refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating fraction, bitumen

Answer 333

Bottled gas for heating and cooking

Answer 334

Petrol in cars

Answer 335

Making chemicals

Answer 336

Fuel in diesel engines

Answer 337

Fuel for ships and home heating systems

Answer 338

Lubricants, waxes and polishes

Answer 339

Making roads

Answer 340

Molecules contain only single bonds between carbon atoms in the chain

Answer 341

Carbon chain gets longer, boiling points increase

Answer 342

Sunlight/light

Answer 343

A chlorine atom replaces a hydrogen atom

Answer 344

Thermal decomposition reaction, in which an alkene is produced from an alkane

Answer 345

Catalyst (aluminium oxide + silicon (IV) oxide), high temperature

Answer 346

Large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down to smaller ones and alkenes

Answer 347

Double bond difference, reaction in bromine water (red/orange vs colourless)

Answer 348

large molecules built up from monomers

Answer 349

Addition polymerization

Answer 350

Addition polymerization

Answer 351

Double bond splits and polymer is formed

Answer 352

CnH2n+1 OH

Answer 353

Fermentation & Catalytic addition of steam to ethene

Answer 354

1. Enzymes in yeast break down glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide, giving out heat a) Can be done with substances that contain cellulose, starch or glucose b) Done by grinding source (e.g. grapes) and adding enzymes to break down cellulose and starch into glucose. 2. Leave it to ferment. 3. Fractional distillation is used to get ethanol from the mixture

Answer 355

Fractional distillation

Answer 356

1. Ethene is obtained by cracking long-chain alkanes from oil 2. The ethene reacts with steam (reversibly) in the following conditions: - 570°C - 60-70atm - Catalyst = phosphoric acid 3. Low temperature gives a better yield, but high temperature is used to give a better rate of reaction

Answer 357

Phosphoric acid

Answer 358

Renewable source Good use of waste organic material

Answer 359

Fractional distillation expensive Slow process

Answer 360

Fast, continuous process Ethanol is pure

Answer 361

Oil is a non-renewable resource Lots of energy required to get conditions

Answer 362

Ethanol burns well in oxygen, giving out heat, carbon dioxide and water

Answer 363

Solvent and fuel

Answer 364

to dissolve things than water cannot. Evaporates easily, so used as solvent in glues, printing inks & perfumes

Answer 365

added to or instead of petrol, because it burns cleanly

Answer 366

CnH2n+1COOH

Answer 367

Weak acid with high pH and low dissociation

Answer 368

Oxidation of ethanol: in air by fermentation with acidified potassium permanganate

Answer 369

Carboxylic acid + alcohol

Answer 370

Ester + water

Answer 371

Catalyst (e.g. sulfuric acid)

Answer 372

reversible

Answer 373

Ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌ ethyl ethanoate + water

Answer 374

large molecules built up from small units (monomers)

Answer 375

plastic bags, gloves, bowls, dustbins

Answer 376

crates, ropes

Answer 377

rainwater pipes, gutters, insulation around electrical wires

Answer 378

ropes, clothes, fishing nets

Answer 379

Unsaturated monomers (such as alkenes)

Answer 380

condensation reaction

Answer 381

molecules of two monomers usually used

Answer 382

usually many molecules of a single monomer

Answer 383

an addition reaction

Answer 384

monomers join together by opening the C=C double bond

Answer 385

only a single product – the polymer

Answer 386

two products – the polymer plus water (by product)

Answer 387

resistant to acids

Answer 388

hydrolysed by acids

Answer 389

non-biodegradable

Answer 390

biodegradable

Answer 391

condensation reaction

Answer 392

Monomers join to form a polymer and a small molecule is eliminated

Answer 393

Monomers join to form a polymer and a small molecule is eliminated

Answer 394

carboxylic acids + amines

Answer 395

amine linkage (C=O-N-H)

Answer 396

No double bonds break, instead single bonds break, and new single bonds form

Answer 397

hydrogen chloride

Answer 398

C-N-H and N-H-C alternating (C with double bonds)

Answer 399

carboxylic acids + alcohols

Answer 400

Ester linkage (C=O-O)

Answer 401

water molecule

Answer 402

C-O and O-C alternating (C with double bonds)

Answer 403

The addition of hydrogen to a compound - reacts with alkenes to form alkanes

Answer 404

60 degrees C nickel catalyst

Answer 405

Alkene double bonds break down to single bonds

Answer 406

The reaction of alkenes with bromine Hydrogenation Steam reacts with alkenes to form alcohols

Answer 407

CnH2n+1COOH

Answer 408

Weak acid high pH low dissociation

Answer 409

Oxidation of ethanol: in air by fermentation with acidified potassium permanganate

Answer 410

bacteria naturally present in air

Answer 411

Enzymes from the bacterium speed up the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid

Answer 412

does not take place in the absence of oxygen

Answer 413

ethanol + oxygen => ethanoic acid + water

Answer 414

C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O

Answer 415

the oxidation reaction is complicated but oxygen is involved

Answer 416

1. Solution of ethanol is exposed to air 2. Bacterium speed up conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid ( C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O ) 3. Reaction makes vinegar, vinegar is solution of ethanoic acid

Answer 417

1. Heat ethanol with potassium manganate and sulfuric acid in a flask with a condenser in an upright position (refluxing) C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O 2. Ethanoic acid is formed

Answer 418

Alcohol is volatile - prevents escaping

Answer 419

atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a homologous series

Answer 420

CnH2n+1COOH

Answer 421

unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

Answer 422

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

Answer 423

a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

Answer 424

-same functional group -same general formula -differing from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit - displaying a trend in physical properties -sharing similar chemical properties

Answer 425

Single, carbon-carbon bond alkANES, Ethane

Answer 426

Double carbon=carbon AlkENES, Ethene

Answer 427

coal, natural gas and petroleum

Answer 428

Methane, CH4

Answer 429

coumpounds containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY

Answer 430

Hydrocarbons and natural gas

Answer 431

by fractional disstillation

Answer 432

one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Answer 433

substance that when burnt releases energy

Answer 434

thick sticky and black found under the sea and under the ground

Answer 435

Petroleum by itself isn’t very useful, but each component part of the mixture (called fraction) can be since they have different boiling points, fractional distillation can be used to separate them

Answer 436

similar chemical properties and b.P

Answer 437

they’re flammable and evapourate easily

Answer 438

they’re viscous meaning sticky or honey like

Answer 439

in a fractionating column

Answer 440

it is heated and vapour rises

Answer 441

they will immediately turn into liquid and be tapped off

Answer 442

they will rise up and will condense (at the top of the fractionating colum) and then be tapped off

Answer 443

their boiling points

Answer 444

at the top

Answer 445

at the bottom

Answer 446

If carbon number increases, the attraction between carbons is much higher and harder to break the bond in the molecules. =more viscosity as chain length increases

Answer 447

as chain length increases; molecules get larger and intermolecular forces of attraction between each other are greater= harder to break the bonds( in need of more energy)

Answer 448

become less volatile as molecular size increase in length this is because forces of attraction increase as molecular size increases

Answer 449

ease of flow of liquid

Answer 450

tendency of substance to vaporize

Answer 451

Petroleum is also called crude oil and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas. The fractionating column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise. Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high boiling points will immediately turn into liquid and are tapped off at the bottom of the column. Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling points will rise up the column and condense at the top to be tapped off. The different fractions condense at different heights according to their boiling points and are tapped off as liquids. The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons are collected at the top of the fractionating column as gases. The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons are collected at the lower sections of the fractionating column.

Answer 452

(In order from top to bottom) refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking gasoline for petrol in cars naphtha for making chemicals kerosene/paraffin for jet fuel diesel oil/gas oil for fuel for diesel engines fuel oil for fuel for ships and home heating lubricating oil for lubricants, waxes and polishes bitumen for making roads

Answer 453

general formula

Answer 454

In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom. Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. In the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, methane reacts with chlorine in a substitution reaction. CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl Chloromethane is formed.

Answer 455

Bromine water is an orange coloured solution of bromine. When bromine water is shaken with an Alkane, it will remain as an orange solution as alkanes do not have double carbon bonds (C=C) so the bromine remains in solution. But when bromine water is shaken with an alkene, the alkene will decolourise the bromine water and turn colourless as alkenes do have double carbon bonds (C=C). The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond hence the solution no longer contains the orange coloured bromine.

Answer 456

substitution reaction one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

Answer 457

flammable soluble homologous series can be oxidised to form carboxilic acids

Answer 458

ethanol+oxygen-> carbon dioxide+water

Answer 459

hydration of ethane by steam in presence of phospheric acid - 300 degrees and 60 atm c2H4+H20->Ethanol or C2H5OH

Answer 460

glucose->in presence of yeast-> ethanol+CO2 25-35 degrees in abstence of O2

Answer 461

renewable cheap

Answer 462

unpure ethanol slower than with steam slow can’t do it over 35 degrees otherwise denaturing will happen

Answer 463

cheap pure efficient fast

Answer 464

non renewable takes a lot of energy

Answer 465

solvent and fuel because it is very flammable

Answer 466

with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) by bacterial oxidation during vinegar production

Answer 467

When a carboxylic acid is treated with an alcohol and an acid catalyst, an ester is formed

Answer 468

large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers

Answer 469

it’s an example of addition polymerisation using ethene monomers

Answer 470

c-n-h bond

Answer 471

c=O=O bond

Answer 472

PET can be converted back into monomers and re-polymerised

Answer 473

they can become mixed with other chemicals or materials if they are not recycled properly which just pollutes the world and makes recycling more difficult. it’s unbiodegradable meaning that both microorganisms and bacteria can’t break it down so it just keeps on accumulating causing pollution as well as if it’s burned it causes co2 contributing to greenhouse effect

Answer 474

(a) disposal in land fill sites (b) accumulation in oceans (c) formation of toxic gases from burning

Answer 475

natural polyamides and that they are formed from amino acid monomers

Answer 476

represents different types of side chain

Answer 477

an unambiguous description of the way the atoms in a molecule are arranged

Answer 478

compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

Answer 479

described as photochemical

Answer 480

Ammonium. Carbonate. Sulfate. Hydroxide. Nitrate. Phosphate.

Answer 481

Ammonium - NH₄⁺. Carbonate - CO²⁻ ₃ Sulfate - SO₄²-. Hydroxide - OH¯. Nitrate - NO⁻ ₃. Phosphate - PO₄³⁻.

Answer 482

Oxygen. O₂. Chlorine Cl₂. Nitrogen N₂. Iodine I₂. Bromine Br₂. Fluorine F₂. Hydrogen H₂.

Answer 483

When it reacts on its own. FOR EXAMPLE - C + O₂ → 2CO.

Answer 484

Fractional distillation

Answer 485

To break long chains of useless hydrocarbons into smaller useful hydrocarbons

Answer 486

Refinery gases (C1-C4) = 25 degrees C Gasoline (petrol) (C6-C8) = 40 degrees C Naphtha (C6-C8) = 100 degrees C Kerosene (Paraffin) (C11-C15) = 190 degrees C Diesel oil (C16-C20) = 250 degrees C Fuel oil (C20-C30) = 330 degrees C Bitumen (C50+) = 350 degrees C

Answer 487

1-Bottled gas 2-Fuel for cars 3-Making chemicals 4-Aircraft oil 5-Fuel for cars e.g. lorries and buses 6-Fuel for ships, ferries, power stations 7-Roads and roof construction

Answer 488

LOW BOILING POINT: Very volatile Ignites easily Flows easily HIGH BOILING POINT: Not very volatile Doesn’t ignite easily Doesn’t flow easily

Answer 489

1-CnH2n+2 2-CnH2n 3-CnH2n+1OH Functional group = OH

Answer 490

Catalyst = normally silicon dioxide or porcelain chips which contain Al2O3 1-Heat a boiling tube that contains mineral wool soaked in one end of the the boiling tube. The catalyst is placed in the toiling tube but it doesn’t touch the mineral wool. 2-The gas released is collected over water. 3-You always make ethene along with others.

Answer 491

Use aqueous bromine water which is orange. It will turn colourless if there is a C=C bond present

Answer 492

1-Addition of Br2 molecule. Add a Br2 molecule to the alkene to produce a dibromoalkane. Halogen molecule + Alkene –> Haloalkane 2-Adding hydrogen to an alkene to make an alkane 3-Adding water to an alkene to make an alcohol

Answer 493

Catalyst: Nickel Temperature: 200 degrees C Pressure: 200 atm

Answer 494

Catalyst: Phosphoric acid Temperature: 300 degrees C Pressure: 60 atm

Answer 495

1-ALKANE + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + heat 2-ALKANE +O2 –> CO + H2O + heat

Answer 496

Oxidation Catalysts: Potassium dichromate and concentrated sulphuric acid

Answer 497

1-FERMENTATION Uses corn, sugar cane, rice (renewable) 30-40 degrees C Continuous process Slow reaction Low percentage yield/impure = 15% Produces 15% of CO2 for every 15% of ethanol produced Cheap 1-HYDRATION OF ETHENE Crude oil (non renewable) 300 degrees C and 60 atm Batch process Fast reaction High percentage yield/pure = 99% Expensive

Answer 498

1-Oxidisation of alcohol in the presence of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid e.g. Ethanol to ethanal to ethanoic acid 2-Reacting an alcohol and carboxylic acid together. Condensation reaction.

Answer 499

Esterification

Answer 500

Hydrolysis of esters. React the ester with either a concentrated acid or concentrated alkali e.g. HCl or NaOH

Answer 501

Esters have a distinctive smell, usually pleasant.

Answer 502

Esters that have shorter chains are fairly soluble in water. Solubility decreases as the length of the ester increases.

Answer 503

Potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid 1 atmosphere 50 degrees C

Answer 504

Addition polymerisation = A chemical reaction in which a polymer is formed from the adding together of many monomer molecules Condensation polymerisation = The joining together of many of two different monomer molecules to form one single long molecule (polymer) during which a small molecule is removed (condensed). This is usually water

Answer 505

1-Protein (made from amino acids) - hair, bones, teeth… 2-Nylon -clothes

Answer 506

Poly(styrene) - Fast food cartons and other food packaging

Answer 507

1-CARBOHYDRATES - contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Monosaccharide (has a single sugar unit). Made of glucose 2-CELLULOSE - It’s a polysaccharide and is made up of glycogen (a complex carbohydrate) 3-PROTEIN - Made up of amino acids 4-FATS - They’re not polymers. They are esters. Formed by reacting 3 molecules of a fatty acid with 1 molecule of glycogen

Answer 508

LOW DENSITY: Plastic bags Gloes Clingfilm HIGH DENSITY: Mugs Bowls Chairs

Answer 509

Water pipes Wellingtons Hoses

Answer 510

Coating frying pans to make then non stick Fabric protector Flooring

Answer 511

Ropes Fishing nets and lines Clothes

Answer 512

Clothing (especially when mixed with cotton) - Thread

Answer 513

Plastic bags are left as litter Non biodegradable (can not be broken down by bacteria) Animals are unable to digest plastic Clog drains and sewers causing flooding

Answer 514

BIO-POLYMERS: -Grown in plants or made in tanks by bacteria E.G 1-Plants that can produce plastic already exist. The part of the cells that made the plastic will be extracted when the plants are harvested. Plastic is extracted using a solvent which is then evaporated off afterwards 2-One strain of bacteria can feed on sugar from crops such as maize, to produce polyesters

Answer 515

Hydrolysis = A chemical reaction in which molecules are broken down by reaction with water

Answer 516

Boil with 6M HCl for 24 hours Amino acids

Answer 517

1-Heat with dilute HCl 2-Glucose 3-Mixture of different molecules. Maltose (2 glucose units) and maltotriose (3 glucose units) and dextrins (many glucose units)

Answer 518

Boil with dulite NaOH Glycerol + sodium salts of the fatty acid

Answer 519

Chromatography Solutions will be colourless. Use PENCIL to draw a line across the bottom of the chromatography. Place a drop of each solution at the bottom of a piece of chromatography. Place a solvent a the bottom of a beaker and place the bottom of the chromatography paper into the solvent. The pencil line and solution must not touch the actual solvent. Use pencil to mark where the solvent ends on the paper. Net spray it with a locating agent e.g. Minhydrin

Answer 520

The breaking down of a compound in the presence of heat

Answer 521

It is resistant to thermal decomposition

11. Organic chemistry Flashcards

(594 cards)