11. PERCEPTION Flashcards
1
Q
- What is Perception?
A
- it is a process
- this process allows us to give meaning to the information provided by our senses
- this is what allows us to experience the world around us
- it is what makes life understandable
2
Q
- Provide a concise definition for Perception.
A
- it is our most prominent action control device
3
Q
- Which organ does all the work of Perception?
A
- the brain
- what we see is the realm of the mind
NOT the eye
4
Q
- Which structures of the human body feeds raw data to the brain?
A
- eyes
- ears
- all other senses
5
Q
- What is an illusion?
A
- it is the effect of misinterpreting data
6
Q
- What are the three types of illusion?
A
- Geometric Illusion
- Ambiguous Figures
- Fictitious Percepts
7
Q
- What is Geometric Illusion?
A
- this is when the image displayed appears distorted
8
Q
- How is this an example of a Geometric Illusion?
A
- this is the Ponzo Illusion
- the top line looks longer than the bottom line
- EVEN THOUGH they are the exact same length
9
Q
- What is Ambiguous Figures?
A
- this is when an image can be seen in more than one way
10
Q
- What is an example of Ambiguous figures?
A
- the Necker Cube
11
Q
- What allows us to either see a duck or a bunny?
A
- both images can be seen
- THE FIRST PERCEPTION OF THE IMAGE:
- is related to whichever cue the brain hears first
- or whichever image is more familiar to the brain
12
Q
- What set theory is Expectations a part of?
A
- Perpetual Set Theory
13
Q
- What does Perpetual Set Theory teach us?
A
- believing is a result of:
- seeing the image
- seeing the context in which the image is presented
14
Q
- What is any decision about what we see influenced by?
A
- cultural normalities and beliefs
- culture plays an important role in perception
15
Q
- What is Fictitious?
A
- it is seeing something which is not actually there
16
Q
- What is an example of Fictitious?
A
17
Q
- What are Visual Constancies?
A
- they allow us to see things as remaining the same
- even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing
18
Q
- What is Shape Consistency?
A
- the ability to perceive the shape of an object as constant
- even if it appears to change through movement
19
Q
- What is an example of Visual/Shape consistency?
A
- an open door
- it is still rectangular in shape
- even though it is distorted through perspective to colour constancy
- based on where we view it from
20
Q
- What is Colour Constancy?
A
- the ability to perceive the colour of an object as constant
- even if it appears to change with changes in lighting
21
Q
- What are 6 factors that affect our perceptual sense?
A
- context
- explanations
- culture
- previous experience
- emotions
- motivations
22
Q
- What does an individual’s perceptual set lead to?
A
- reasonable conclusions
- HOWEVER, they can be misleading
23
Q
- What are the 4 Gestalt Rules?
A
- Grouping
- Similarity
- Continuity
- Connectedness
24
Q
- What is Form Perception?
A
- it is a figure-ground relationship
- it is how we organise and simplify whatever scene we are looking at
- we simplify and organise it into the main objects or figures
- and into the surroundings or ground that they stand against
(SIMILAR PRINCIPLES APPLY TO NON-VISUAL FIELDS AS WELL: the cocktail party effect)
25
25. What are the Gestalt rules?
- it is how our mind deals with all of the stimuli that we are bombarded with
- it transforms it into something coherent by following these rules
26
26. What is Grouping?
- Perceptual grouping occurs when we are perceptually putting parts together into a whole.
- You may see columns composed of dots
- However, there are only dots
- the columnar structure is just in your mind
- The human brain groups the dots together to perceive a coherent whole
(the columns in this case)
27
27. What is Similarity?
- it is a principle that states that things which share visual characteristics
- will be seen as belonging together
- EXAMPLES OF VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE:
- shape
- size
- colour
- texture
- value
- orientation
28
28. What is Continuity?
- the tendency of people to organise visual elements into unified wholes
29
29. What is Connectedness?
- connectedness is when we see connections in disjointed objects
30
30. What is Depth Perception?
- the ability that our eyes and brain have
- it adds a third dimension or depth to everything we see
31
31. What allows our eyes and brain to experience Depth Perception?
- depth cues
32
32. What are the five Depth Cues?
1. Linear Perspective
2. Two heights in a plane
3. Relative Size
4. Superimposition/Overlap
5. Texture Gradients
33
33. What is Linear Perspective?
- the parallel lines appear to converge
- they come together at a distant point
34
34. What is two height in a plane?
- if an image is higher to the eye
- then it is often seen as being further away than objects that are in the lower part of the plane
35
35. What is Relative Size?
- when we expect things to be the same size
- and they are not
- then we interpret this as meaning that they are further away
36
36. What is Superimposition/Overlap?
- this is when we cannot see the whole of an object
- so we assume that there is something in front of it
- this allows us to interpret it as further away
37
37. What does the Constructivist Theory state?
- we construct our perception of the world based on:
- what we see in front of us
- our past experiences
38
38. What does the Constructivist Theory support?
- the idea of top-down processing
39
39. What is Top-Down processing?
- perception mainly has to do with what we expect to see
40
40. What is the Perpetual Set?
- the notion of perceiving something based on expectation
41
41. Present two examples that demonstrate the perpetual set in processing.
1. Expectations
2. Motivations
42
42. What is an example of Expectations?
- reading jumbled up words
43
43. What is an example of Motivations?
- the TV example
- this form of perception extends down into the preconscious processing of stimuli in the visual environment
- it guides what the visual system presents to conscious awareness
44
44. What are the main criticisms of the Constructivist Theory?
If perception is based on personal experiences:
- why do we perceive things the same way?
If perception requires experience:
- how do we explain a new born baby's ability to
perceive the world
The effect of illusions goes against the Constructivist Theory:
- if we use our experiences to build perception
- why do we fall for the same illusions over and over
again
45
45. What is the Nativists Theory?
- it states that perception is a result of Bottom-Up processing
- this means that perception is immediate
- this means that perception can also be direct
- we perceive the world as it is seen in front of us
- it is not based on expectations or misinterpretation
- the role of the mind is simply to analyse the information coming in through our eyes
46
46. What is an example of the Nativists Theory?
If you are looking at a tennis court:
- you know where the ball or the player is
immediately by looking at them
- this explains how we perceive what's going on
around us so quickly
- this explains why we see things in the same way
47
47. Why do we all perceive things in a similar way?
- we have all evolved the same
