1.1 - Periodic Table

Question 1

What is electronegativity

Answer 1

An elements ability to attract electrons often referred to as simply the ‘pulling power’ of an atom, also known as affinity

Question 2

What is the most electronegative element

Answer 2

Fluorine

Question 3

lowest to highest electronegative elements

Answer 3

Metals -> metalloids -> non-metals

Question 4

What are oxides

Answer 4

compounds that contain oxygen

Question 5

How do you determine the reactivity of oxides

Answer 5

Can be determined based on the elements position on the periodic table

Question 6

What are the acidic oxide reaction types

Answer 6

1) React with bases, usually Hydroxide ions

2) Reacts with water

Question 7

What are acidic oxides

Answer 7

Oxides of non-metals, or elements with high electronegativity

Question 8

Write the chemical reaction with hydroxide ions

Answer 8

Acidic oxide + Hydroxide ion ——> Oxyanion + water

Question 9

What is an oxyanion

Answer 9

a negatively charged ion of the element combined with oxygen (o-)

Question 10

Write the chemical reaction for sulphur dioxide

Answer 10

SO2 + 2OH- ——> SO23- + H2O

Question 11

What is an oxyacid

Answer 11

when the acidic oxide reacts and dissolves in water

Question 12

What is a basic oxide

Answer 12

Oxides with metal elements or those with low electronegativity. these compounds are ionic

Question 13

What are the two basic oxide reactions

Answer 13

1) React with acids, usually hydrogen ions

2) reacts with water

Question 14

Draw the basic oxide reacting with hydrogen ions

Answer 14

basic oxide + hydrogen ions —–> metal ion + water

Question 15

Write the chemical reaction of Copper (II) oxide

Answer 15

CuO + 2H+ ——> Cu2+ + H2O

Question 16

Write the basic oxide reacting with water

Answer 16

Basic oxide + water —–> metal ions + Hydroxide ions

Question 17

Write the chemical reaction of Sodium Oxide

Answer 17

Na2O + H2O ——> 2Na+ + 2OH-

Question 18

What is an Amphoteric oxide

Answer 18

Can react as other a basic oxide or acidic oxide, depends on the species it is reacting with
Do not react with water

Question 19

In an amphoteric reaction, what will the oxide be if it reacts with Hydroxide ions

Answer 19

an acidic oxide

Question 20

In an amphoteric reaction, what will the oxide be if it reacts with Hydrogen ions

Answer 20

a basic oxide

Question 21

What is a molecule

Answer 21

an element or compound of non-metallic atoms

Question 22

What is classed as a small molecule

Answer 22

A molecule that contains 10 or less atoms

Question 23

What are the exceptions for molecules

Answer 23

Silicon dioxide, diamond and silicon carbide

these are not molecular. These exhibit continuous lattice structure

Question 24

Properties of molecules

Answer 24

• Low Mp/Bp (can be determined by the attraction between molecules)
• usually glass or liquids
• poor conductors of electricity

Question 25

What is covalent bonding

Answer 25

describes the bond between atoms in the molecule, known as intramolecular or primary bonds is the electrostatic attraction of the positive nucleus and the shared electrons These bonds are very strong

Question 26

What are intermolecular bonds

Answer 26

``` Also known as secondary bonds These occur between neighbouring molecules Responsible physical properties Weaker than intramolecular forces These bonds hold molecules together ```

Question 27

What are the 3 intermolecular forces

Answer 27

- Dispersion forces - Dipole - Dipole interactions - Hydrogen bonding

Question 28

Draw the molecular shape of PO43- using the VSPER theory

Answer 28

Because PO43- contains 3 negatively charged oxygen ions, therefore Phosphate will create 3 single bonds with o- and a double bond with the oxygen atom

Question 29

How many bonds can O- make when drawing a molecule using the VSPER theory

Answer 29

1

Question 30

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 30

- Strongest intermolecular bond | - A hydrogen must be bonded to a Nitrogen, Oxygen or Fluorine atom

Question 31

What happens to the polarity of the molecule if it has symmetrical distribution

Answer 31

It becomes a non-polar bond overall. Even if it contains polar bonds

Question 32

What happens to the polarity of the molecule if it does not have symmetrical distribution

Answer 32

It is a polar bond overall because the bond polarities do not cancel eachother out and therefore there is an uneven distribution of charge in the molecule

Question 33

Dipole - Dipole interactions

Answer 33

- occurs between molecules that have permanent dipoles (ie. polar bonds)

Question 34

What is a polar covalent bond

Answer 34

when atoms with different electronegativities are bonded together These atoms are identified as having partial positive (delta +) or partial negative (delta -) charge These are dipole bonds

Question 35

Dispersion forces

Answer 35

- the attraction of one molecules nuclei to neighbouring molecules - determines whether the compound is solid, liquid or gas - For non-polar substances, this is the only secondary force between molecules - creates temporary induced dipole - dipole in neighbouring molecules

Question 36

What is the strength of dispersion forces influenced by

Answer 36

- Molar mass, more protons and electrons leads to greater attraction - shape, affects how close the molecules can approach one another

Question 37

Why must hydrogen be bonded to Fluorine, Oxygen or Nitrogen to form a hydrogen bond

Answer 37

When these elements are bonded to hydrogen, it leaves hydrogen exposed or unsheilding (ie. exposed proton) This strongly attracts the delta - nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine in neighbouring dipoles

Question 38

What does the small size of a Hydrogen atom allow in hydrogen bonding

Answer 38

Allows it to come into contact with the delta- atoms of other molecules

Question 39

Distinguish the difference between a linear, v-shaped, trigonal planer, trigonal pyramid and a tetrahedral shaped molecule and give examples

Answer 39

``` Linear = CS2 V-shaped = SCl2 Trigonal Planer = HNO2 Trigonal pyramid = NI3 Tetrahedral SiCl4 ```

Question 40

Identify the s, p, d, f blocks on the periodic table

Answer 40

refer to diagram

Question 41

name the three elements which can expand its octet

Answer 41

Phosphorus, chlorine and sulphur