1.1: Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Question 1

Joint

Answer 1

an area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

Question 2

Ligament

Answer 2

a tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attached bone to bone

Question 3

Articular Cartilage

Answer 3

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement

Question 4

Plane of Movement

Answer 4

the description of three dimensional movements at a joint

Question 5

Movement Patterns

Answer 5

a description of the actions taking place at a joint - for example, flexion and extension of the elbow joint

Question 6

Flexion

Answer 6

movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body

Question 7

Extension

Answer 7

movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body

Question 8

Dorsi-flexion

Answer 8

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up

Question 9

Plantar Flexion

Answer 9

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down

Question 10

Abduction

Answer 10

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body

Question 11

Adduction

Answer 11

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body

Question 12

Horizontal Extension

Answer 12

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground

Question 13

Horizontal Flexion

Answer 13

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground

Question 14

Rotation

Answer 14

movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action

Question 15

Tendon

Answer 15

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone

Question 16

Agonist

Answer 16

a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. also known as the prime mover.

Question 17

Antagonist

Answer 17

a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for coordinated movement

Question 18

Fixator

Answer 18

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another moves

Question 19

Antagonist Muscle Action

Answer 19

paired muscle action. as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to coordinate the action.

Question 20

Isotonic Contraction

Answer 20

muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction. this can occur in two ways: concentric and eccentric contraction.

Question 21

Concentric Contraction

Answer 21

muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension

Question 22

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 22

muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension

Question 23

Isometric Contraction

Answer 23

muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension

Question 24

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Answer 24

pain and stiffness in the muscle which peaks 24-72 hours after exercise, associated with eccentric muscle contractions

Question 25

Movement Analysis

Answer 25

analysis of the type and cause of bodily movement, including knowledge of the joint type, articulating bones, movement pattern, agonist and antagonist muscle action and contraction type

Question 26

Motor Neuron

Answer 26

a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

Question 27

Motor Unit

Answer 27

a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

Question 28

Action Potential

Answer 28

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

Question 29

Neurotransmitter

Answer 29

a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre

Question 30

All-or-none law

Answer 30

depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all

Question 31

Slow Oxidative Muscle Fibres

Answer 31

a type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

Question 32

Fast Glycolytic Muscle Fibres

Answer 32

a type of muscle fibre rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximal force over a short period of time

Question 33

Phosphocreatine (PC)

Answer 33

a high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as a fuel for very high-intensity energy production (ATP-PC system)

Question 34

Mitochondria

Answer 34

a structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

Question 35

Myoglobin

Answer 35

a protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria

Question 36

Aerobic work

Answer 36

low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen

Question 37

Anaerobic work

Answer 37

high intensity, short-duration exercise in the absence of oxygen

Question 38

Work : relief ratio

Answer 38

the volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed